A solar cell that includes a negative electrode made of Al—Nd or the like formed on a substrate, an electron transport layer made of n-type Si or the like, a quantum dot arrangement layer made of graphene or the like, a quantum dot layer, a positive hole transport layer made of p-type Si or the like, and a positive electrode made of ITO or the like are sequentially formed on a surface of the negative electrode. Output electrodes are formed on the positive electrode so that at least a part of the surface of the positive electrode is exposed. The quantum dot layer is constructed such that quantum dots of Si cluster particles are three-dimensionally periodically arranged. The Si cluster particles have an average particle size of 3 nm or less, and the interparticle distance between the Si cluster particles is 1 nm or less.