The increase of temperature in heat sensitive devices during heat generating conditions is prevented through the absorption of heat, by providing a carbohydrate endotherm in an amount sufficient to effect the required heat absorption. The carbohydrate endotherm operates in an environment substantially devoid of potential oxidizing reactants. A scavenger may be employed in combination with the carbohydrate endotherm to remove or neutralize potential oxidizing reactants. Alternatively (or in addition), a fluoro-inert material may be employed in combination with the carbohydrate endotherm to effect a desired non-oxidizing environment. The carbohydrate endotherm may be used to provide thermal control and/or thermal protection in a variety of applications and environments. The carbohydrate endotherm may also be employed in combination with previously disclosed endotherm materials to achieve synergistic benefits therewith.