Techniques are described for adapting a keyboard arrangement to be personalized for a user, based on detected gestures made by the user while employing the keyboard arrangement. An adaptable keyboard arrangement may be provided for the user as part of a device, projected onto a surface near the user, or rendered abstractly into a space near the user. Sensor and/or contextual data may be employed to identify mistypes or near-mistypes of the user, and a statistical model may be developed of the user's typing habits. Keyboard modifications may be determined that adapt the keyboard to minimize potential typing errors and/or provide a more ergonomic keyboard arrangement for the user.