Encoding input data including one or more frames includes: generating a residual block based on a difference between a first block of data for multiple pixels in a first frame and a second block of data derived from information in the input data; generating a first block of coefficients based on a transform performed on the residual block; generating reference information based on the second block of data; and determining portions of a code value representing respective portions of the first block of coefficients based on at least one value derived from at least a portion of the reference information.