Various implementations disclosed herein enable congestion control systems and methods that are agnostic of the availability of congestion notification types, and are simultaneously responsive to multiple types of network congestion indicators—including both implicit (e.g., loss and delay) and explicit (e.g., marking) congestion indicators. For example, some implementations include a congestion control method that includes obtaining a composite congestion indicator value associated with multiple types of network congestion indicators, and determining a reference rate value based on a function of the composite congestion indicator value. The composite congestion indicator value represents a combination of one or more delay values associated with respective types of network congestion indicators. The reference rate value is representative of a baseline transmission rate from the first device that at least partially mitigates network congestion signaled by the network congestion indicators.