In some examples of monitoring pipeline integrity using fiber optics, a first set of values that represent an attenuation of a light signal transmitted through an optical fiber positioned adjacent a pipeline to carry fluids and a second set of values that represent a dispersion of the light signal transmitted through the optical fiber are received. An attenuation profile of the light signal and a dispersion profile of the light signal through the optical fiber are generated based on the first and second sets of values, respectively. Using the profiles, a light-based profile signature describing an environment surrounding the optical fiber is generated, and compared with a baseline light-based profile signature describing an environment surrounding the optical fiber under a normal operating condition. A notification describing an operation of the pipeline is provided in response to the comparing.