A method of manufacturing an electromechanical transducer includes forming a first electrode on a substrate or a base film, forming a piezoelectric film made of lead zirconate titanate on the first electrode, forming a second electrode on the piezoelectric film, and polarizing the piezoelectric film. The polarizing includes applying to the second electrode a positive polarity voltage having a positive polarity relative to a potential of the first electrode, and satisfying a first expression of −EcP−(−Ec) 0.15×EcPav, where −Ec represents an initial coercive field of a negative polarity side of the electromechanical transducer, −EcP represents a coercive field of the negative polarity side after the applying, EcP represents a coercive field of a positive polarity side after the applying, and EcPav represents an average of absolute values of the coercive field −EcP and the coercive field EcP.