Provided is a graphite-based carbon material useful as a graphene precursor, from which graphene is easily exfoliated when the graphite-based carbon material is useful as a precursor and from which a highly-concentrated graphene dispersion can easily be obtained. The graphite-based carbon material is a graphite-based carbon material useful as a graphene precursor wherein a Rate (3R) based on an X-ray diffraction method, which is defined by following Equation 1 is 31% or more: Rate (3R)=P3/(P3+P4)×100  Equation 1 wherein P3 is a peak intensity of a (101) plane of the rhombohedral graphite layer (3R) based on the X-ray diffraction method, and P4 is a peak intensity of a (101) plane of the hexagonal graphite layer (2H) based on the X-ray diffraction method.