Among other disclosed subject matter, a computer-implemented method for evaluating total cost of ownership (TCO) of a system includes obtaining reference values associated with respective aspects of a TCO measurement model. The TCO measurement model is configured for use in measuring TCO, the reference values reflecting a reference TCO determined for a reference system. The method includes mapping actual expenses to the TCO measurement model, the actual expenses identified as associated with a system whose TCO is to be evaluated. The method includes performing an analysis that includes at least comparing the actual expenses to the reference values according to the mapping. The method includes recording a result of the analysis that indicates at least whether the TCO of the system differs from the reference TCO.