A method of inhibiting drug-resistant HIV-1 integrase in a subject comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, having a structure of: wherein X is N, C(OH), or CH; Y is H or OH; each of Z1-Z5 is independently H or halogen; R4 is H, OH, NH2, NHR8, NR8R9 or R8; R5, R6, and R7 is each independently H, halogen, OR8, R8, NHR8, NR8R9, CO2R8, CONR8R9, SO2NR8R9, or R5 and R6 together with the carbon atoms to which R5 and R6 are attached form an optionally-substituted carbocycle or optionally-substituted heterocycle; and R8 and R9 is each independently H, optionally-substituted alkyl, optionally-substituted alkenyl, optionally-substituted alkynyl, optionally-substituted aryl, optionally-substituted cycloalkyl, optionally-substituted cycloalkylene, optionally-substituted heterocycle, optionally-substituted amide, optionally-substituted ester, or R8 and R9 together with the nitrogen to which R8 and R9 are attached form an optionally-substituted heterocycle.