Disclosed is a fluorine-containing polymer prepared by polymerizing (I) a polyfluoroalkyl group-containing (meth)acrylate which is substituted at alpha-position, in the presence of (II) a blocked isocyanate compound. A water- and oil-repellent composition containing the fluorine-containing polymer can impart the excellent water- and oil-repellency, and excellent durability thereof to substrates.