A quick-release vacuum pump which is mainly applied to a vacuum transport system. The vacuum pump has a mechanism in which part of compressed air supplied for generating a vacuum state is stored firstly in a chamber, and then the vacuum state within the chamber is released when transportation is completed. When the vacuum state is released, a check valve is moved by the pressure of air that flows backward. The range of movement of the check valve is adjusted by a control means. An air filter is disposed at the lower end of the check valve. The release of the vacuum state is quick and controllable. Also, the filter is naturally filtered and cleaned.