To provide a carbonaceous material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery anode that yields an anode for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having excellent input/output characteristics, and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having high discharge capacity per unit volume, and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery and a vehicle comprising this non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery anode.The carbonaceous material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery anode of the present invention has a number average particle size of from 0.1 to 2.0 μm, a value of a number average particle size divided by a volume average particle size of not greater than 0.3, an average interlayer spacing d002 of an (002) plane determined by X-ray diffraction of from 0.340 to 0.390 nm, and an atomic ratio (H/C) of hydrogen and carbon of not greater than 0.10.