A method for inspecting defects inside a rod-shaped transparent object by using a scanning beam of parallel light rays directed onto a rod-shaped transparent object orthogonally to the longitudinal axis of the object so that an inspection plane comprises an object's cross-section. The scanning beam is detected at an opposite side of the rod-shaped object that is interposed to intercept the parallel rays of the scanning beam. The electric output signal from the detector is processed to produce a first light intensity profile in a first scan direction, the light intensity profile comprising a shadow region delimited by first and second shadow edges, which is indicative of the outside diameter of the object across the inspection plane. The method comprises analyzing the first light intensity profile to determine the presence or absence of a peak of positive intensity within the shadow region and, if an intensity peak is determined to be present, to determine the presence or absence of a region of depressed intensity within the intensity peak. If, as a result of analyzing, an intensity peak within the shadow region is determined to be absent or a region of depressed intensity is determined to be present within the intensity peak, the presence of at least one structural defect within the object's cross-section is identified. In the preferred embodiments, the rod-shaped transparent object is a glass core rod for the production of a transmission optical fiber.