Systems and methods are disclosed in which a distraction sleeve can be attached to a bone anchor assembly to lock or limit the polyaxial degree of freedom of the bone anchor assembly and facilitate true parallel distraction. In some embodiments, the distraction sleeve can lock polyaxial movement of the bone anchor assembly without directly engaging the shank of the bone anchor assembly, without directly engaging the exterior of the receiver member of the bone anchor assembly, and/or without requiring that a rod or closure mechanism be installed in the bone anchor assembly. The distraction sleeve can be preloaded onto the bone anchor assembly prior to inserting the bone anchor assembly using a selectively detachable driver, thereby providing simplified, streamlined insertion and facilitating use with protection and/or retraction sheaths. Countertorque tubes, torque wrenches, and other related instrumentation are also disclosed herein.