The invention discloses a sleeve-type coal material decomposition apparatus which includes a kiln body. The inside of the kiln body is set with coal material decomposition-promoting layers and circular heating layers centered on the axis of kiln body; the circular coal material decomposition-promoting layers and circular heating layers are isolated from each other; both ends of the circular coal material decomposition-promoting layer are respectively connected to the coal inlet and coal outlet on kiln body and are also connected to the decomposition gas collecting mechanism on kiln body. The coal material decomposition-promoting layers and circular heating layers are isolated from each other, which is helpful for the acquisition of pure coal decomposition gas. The heat released from circular heating layers is fully absorbed by adjacent set coal material decomposition-promoting layers via conduction and radiation forms; the full absorption of pulverized coal brings better effect of complete decomposition.