公开(公告)号：WO1995005025A1

公开(公告)日：1995-02-16

申请号：PCT/US1994008464

申请日：1994-07-28

Applicant: MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Inventor： MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ,  STANKOVIC, Aleksandar, M. ,  VERGHESE, George, C. ,  PERREAULT, David, J.

IPC: H02M03/156

CPC classification number: H02M1/082 ,  H02M3/156

Abstract: Markov chain controlled random modulation of switching signal sequences for a power converter. The control is implemented in a power converter having an energy storage device which receives an input power from a source and provides an output power to a load. The converter includes a switching device for coupling the input power source to the energy storage device or coupling the storage device to the load in response to receiving a sequence of control signals generated from a control signal generator. The control signal generator includes a switching signal generator for providing a nominal switching signal sequence which achieves steady state between the input power to the converter and the output power supplied to the load, a modulator for modulating the nominal switching signal sequence with a source of non-deterministic signals to produce a time modulated switching signal sequence, and a control device for controlling the modulator in response to determining the previous modifications performed to the nominal switching signal sequence to maintain a predetermined range of deviation between the time modulated switching signal sequence and the nominal switching signal sequence.

Abstract translation: 马尔科夫链控制随机调制的功率转换器的开关信号序列。 该控制在具有能量存储装置的功率转换器中实现，该能量存储装置从源接收输入功率并向负载提供输出功率。 转换器包括用于响应于接收从控制信号发生器产生的一系列控制信号将输入电源耦合到能量存储装置或将存储装置耦合到负载的开关装置。 控制信号发生器包括一个开关信号发生器，用于提供在转换器的输入功率和提供给负载的输出功率之间达到稳定状态的额定开关信号序列;调制器， 确定性信号以产生时间调制的切换信号序列，以及控制装置，用于响应于确定对标称切换信号序列执行的先前修改来控制调制器，以维持时间调制切换信号序列与时间调制切换信号序列之间的预定偏差范围 标称开关信号序列。

公开(公告)号：WO1995003357A1

公开(公告)日：1995-02-02

申请号：PCT/US1994008416

申请日：1994-07-22

Applicant: MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Inventor： MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ,  GREF, Ruxandra ,  MINAMITAKE, Yoshiharu ,  LANGER, Robert, S.

IPC: C08J03/14

CPC classification number: A61K9/5153 ,  A61K9/0019 ,  A61K9/1635 ,  A61K9/1647 ,  A61K9/5138 ,  A61K47/6935 ,  A61K49/223 ,  A61K51/1241 ,  A61K51/1251 ,  A61K2123/00 ,  B82Y5/00 ,  C08G63/664 ,  C08G81/00 ,  C08J3/14 ,  C08J2300/16 ,  C08J2367/04 ,  C08J2371/02 ,  Y10S514/963 ,  Y10T428/2985 ,  Y10T428/2989 ,  Y10T428/2991

Abstract: Particles are provided that are not rapidly cleared from the blood stream by the macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system, and that can be modified to achieve variable release rates or to target specific cells or organs. The particles have a biodegradable solid core containing a biologically active material and poly(alkylene glycol) moieties on the surface. The terminal hydroxyl group of the poly(alkylene glycol) can be used to covalently attach onto the surface of the particles biologically active molecules, including antibodies targeted to specific cells or organs, or molecules affecting the charge, lipophilicity or hydrophilicity of the particle. The surface of the particle can also be modified by attaching biodegradable polymers of the same structure as those forming the core of the particles. The typical size of the particles is between 1 nm and 1000 nm, preferably between 1 nm and 100 nm, although microparticles can also be formed as described herein. The particles can include magnetic particles or radiopaque materials, such as air and other gases, for diagnostic imaging, biologically active molecules to be delivered to a site, or compounds for targeting the particles. The particles have a prolonged half-life in the blood compared to particles not containing poly(alkylene glycol) moieties on the surface.

Abstract translation: 提供的颗粒不被网状内皮系统的巨噬细胞迅速地从血液中清除，并且可被修饰以实现可变释放速率或靶向特定的细胞或器官。 颗粒具有包含生物活性材料和表面上的聚（亚烷基二醇）部分的可生物降解的固体核。 聚（亚烷基二醇）的末端羟基可用于共价附着到颗粒表面上的生物活性分子，包括靶向特定细胞或器官的抗体或影响颗粒的电荷，亲油性或亲水性的分子。 颗粒的表面也可以通过连接与形成颗粒核心的那些相同结构的可生物降解的聚合物来进行改性。 颗粒的典型尺寸在1nm和1000nm之间，优选在1nm和100nm之间，尽管也可以如本文所述形成微粒。 颗粒可以包括用于诊断成像的磁性颗粒或不透射线材料，例如空气和其它气体，要递送到位点的生物活性分子或用于靶向颗粒的化合物。 与不含表面上的聚（亚烷基二醇）部分的颗粒相比，颗粒在血液中具有延长的半衰期。

公开(公告)号：WO1995003035A1

公开(公告)日：1995-02-02

申请号：PCT/US1994008286

申请日：1994-07-22

Applicant: MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Inventor： MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ,  OKADA, Junichi ,  COHEN, Smadar ,  LANGER, Robert, S.

IPC: A61K09/127

CPC classification number: A61K9/1273 ,  Y10S424/812 ,  Y10T428/2984

Abstract: Pharmaceutical compositions for oral delivery are prepared by encapsulation of compounds to be delivered to the small intestine within polymerized liposomes. The constituent phospholipids and/or the leaflets are polymerized through double bond-containing olefinic and acetylenic phospholipids. Covalently binding the layers through polymerization adds strength, resulting in a less fluid unpolymerized liposome. Polymerized liposomes can also be prepared by chemical oxidation of thiol groups in the phospholipids to disulfide linkages. Biologically active substances, such as a drug or antigen, can be encapsulated during the polymerization by mixing the substances into the liposome components at the time the liposomes are formed. Alternatively, the liposomes can be polymerized first, and the biologically active substance can be added later by resuspending the polymerized liposomes in a solution of a biologically active substance, and sonicating the suspension or by drying the polymerized liposomes to form a film, and hydrating thefilm in a solution of the biologically active substance.

Abstract translation: 用于口服递送的药物组合物通过将待递送至聚合脂质体内的小肠的化合物的包封来制备。 组成磷脂和/或小叶通过含双键的烯属和炔属磷脂聚合。 通过聚合共价结合层增加了强度，导致较少流体的未聚合的脂质体。 聚合的脂质体也可以通过将磷脂中硫醇基团化学氧化成二硫键来制备。 生物活性物质如药物或抗原可以在聚合过程中通过在形成脂质体时将物质混入脂质体组分中进行包封。 或者，首先可以聚合脂质体，然后可以通过将聚合的脂质体重悬在生物活性物质的溶液中，并且通过将悬浮液进行超声处理或通过干燥聚合的脂质体以形成膜并且将膜 在生物活性物质的溶液中。

公开(公告)号：WO1995001052A1

公开(公告)日：1995-01-05

申请号：PCT/US1994007250

申请日：1994-06-24

Applicant: MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Inventor： MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ,  LIM, Jae, S.

IPC: H04N07/08

CPC classification number: H04N7/04 ,  H04N7/015 ,  H04N19/112 ,  H04N19/136 ,  H04N19/187 ,  H04N19/30 ,  H04N19/61

Abstract: A method for incorporating future developments in video compression technology to migrate toward a better television system in a receiver-compatible manner. The invention uses enhancement data (34) that can be combined with standard video data (16). Standard HDTV receivers will utilize standard video data, ignoring the enhancement data. More advanced HDTV receivers (36) will combine the enhancement data with standard data. The television signal is transmitted in a format comprising a first set of bits (16) that represents images at a first quality (e.g., first resolution) and that can be decoded to provide an output (20) at the first resolution, and a second set of bits (34) that represents enhancement information and that can be decoded and used in conjunction with the first set of bits to provide an output (40) at a second resolution greater than the first resolution. The first set of bits (16) is decoded (18) according to a first decoding procedure to provide information (20) representative of images at the first resolution. The second set of bits (34) is decoded according to a second procedure (38) to provide the enhancement information. At least some of the enhancement information and at least some of the information representative of images at the first resolution are used to provide the output (40) at the second resolution.

Abstract translation: 将未来的视频压缩技术发展融入到以接收机兼容的方式向更好的电视系统迁移的方法。 本发明使用能够与标准视频数据（16）组合的增强数据（34）。 标准HDTV接收机将利用标准视频数据，忽略增强数据。 更高级的HDTV接收机（36）将增强数据与标准数据相结合。 电视信号以包括以第一质量（例如，第一分辨率）表示图像的第一组比特（16）的格式发送，并且可以被解码以提供具有第一分辨率的输出（20），并且第二组 （34），其表示增强信息，并且可以与第一组位结合解码和使用，以提供大于第一分辨率的第二分辨率的输出（40）。 根据第一解码过程对第一组比特（16）进行解码（18），以提供表示第一分辨率的图像的信息（20）。 根据第二过程（38）对第二组位（34）进行解码以提供增强信息。 使用第一分辨率下的至少一些增强信息和表示图像的至少一些信息来提供第二分辨率的输出（40）。

公开(公告)号：WO1994028376A1

公开(公告)日：1994-12-08

申请号：PCT/US1994005759

申请日：1994-05-20

Applicant: MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Inventor： MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ,  SAWIN, Herbert, H. ,  CONNER, William, T. ,  DALTON, Timothy, J. ,  SACHS, Emanuel, M.

IPC: G01B11/06

CPC classification number: H01J37/32935 ,  G01B11/0675

Abstract: A new technique has been developed to measure etching or deposition rate uniformity in situ using a CCD camera (342, 1742) which views the wafer (308, 1708) during plasma processing. The technique records the temporal modulation of plasma emission or laser illumination (360, 1770) reflected from the wafer (308, 1708); this modulation is caused by interferometry as thin films (313, 1713) are etched or deposited. The measured etching rates compare very well with those determined by Helium-Neon laser interference. This technique is capable of measuring etching rates across 100 mm or larger wafers (308, 1708). It can resolve etch rate variations across a wafer or within a die (308, 1708). The invention can also be used to make endpoint determinations in etching operations as well as measuring the absolute thickness of thin films (313, 1713).

Abstract translation: 已经开发了一种新技术来测量在等离子体处理期间观察晶片（308,1708）的CCD照相机（342,1742）来原位蚀刻或沉积速率均匀性。 该技术记录从晶片（308,1708）反射的等离子体发射或激光照射（360,1770）的时间调制; 当通过蚀刻或沉积薄膜（313,1713）时，这种调制是由干涉测量引起的。 测量的蚀刻速率与由氦 - 氖激光干涉确定的蚀刻速率相当。 该技术能够测量跨越100mm或更大晶片（308,1708）的蚀刻速率。 它可以解决跨晶片或晶片内的蚀刻速率变化（308,1708）。 本发明还可以用于在蚀刻操作中进行端点测定以及测量薄膜的绝对厚度（313,1713）。

公开(公告)号：WO1994028374A1

公开(公告)日：1994-12-08

申请号：PCT/US1994005540

申请日：1994-05-17

Applicant: MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Inventor： MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ,  SMITH, Henry, I. ,  MODIANO, Alberto, Moel ,  MOON, Euclid, Eberle

IPC: G01B09/02

CPC classification number: G03F9/7084 ,  G03F9/7049 ,  H01J37/3045

Abstract: There are first and second relatively movable plates (12 and 20). On a face of each of the first and second plates (12 and 20), there are first and second alignment marks (13 and 21), each being a linear grating of parallel lines of uniform spatial period, the spatial periods (P1 and P2) being different from each other. There is a light source for illuminating the linear grating on the second plate (20) through the linear grating on the first plate (12) to produce an interference pattern. Indicia on the first and second plates indicate a periodic reference pattern having a phase. A detector is configured to detect when the spatial phase of the interference pattern and the spatial phase of said reference pattern differ by a predetermined value. A position adjustor is for adjusting the relative position of the first and second plates until the detector detects said phase difference.

Abstract translation: 有第一和第二相对移动的板（12和20）。 在第一和第二板（12和20）的每一个的表面上，存在第一和第二对准标记（13和21），每个是具有均匀空间周期的平行线的线性光栅，空间周期（P1和P2 ）彼此不同。 存在用于通过第一板（12）上的线性光栅照亮第二板（20）上的线性光栅以产生干涉图案的光源。 第一和第二板上的标记表示具有相位的周期性参考图案。 检测器被配置为检测干涉图案的空间相位和所述参考图案的空间相位何时相差预定值。 位置调节器用于调节第一和第二板的相对位置，直到检测器检测到所述相位差。

公开(公告)号：WO1994020997A1

公开(公告)日：1994-09-15

申请号：PCT/US1994002187

申请日：1994-02-22

Applicant: MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Inventor： MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ,  TULLER, Harry, L. ,  KRAMER, Steve, A. ,  SPEARS, Marlene, A. ,  PAL, Uday, B.

IPC: H01M08/10

CPC classification number: H01M8/1213 ,  B01D53/326 ,  C23C16/40 ,  C30B7/00 ,  Y02P70/56 ,  Y10T29/49108

Abstract: An electrochemical device (10) including a solid electrolyte (16) and a solid electrode (20) composed of materials having different chemical compositions and characterized by different electrical properties but having the same crystalline phase is provided. A method for fabricating an electrochemical device (10) having a solid electrode (20) and solid electrolyte (16) characterized by the same crystalline phase is also provided.

Abstract translation: 提供了一种包括固体电解质（16）和固体电极（20）的电化学装置（10），其由具有不同化学组成的材料组成并且特征在于具有不同的电性能但具有相同结晶相的固体电极（20）。 还提供了一种制造具有固体电极（20）和固体电解质（16）的电化学装置（10）的方法，其特征在于具有相同的结晶相。

公开(公告)号：WO1994016071A2

公开(公告)日：1994-07-21

申请号：PCT/US1994000500

申请日：1994-01-14

Applicant: MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Inventor： MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ,  STELLER, Hermann ,  ABRAMS, John, M. ,  GRETHER, Megan, E. ,  WHITE, Kristin

IPC: C12N15/12

CPC classification number: A01K67/0339 ,  A01K2217/05 ,  C07K14/43581 ,  G01N33/5091

Abstract: Quick and simple assays for apoptotic cell deaths and apoptotic and necrotic cell deaths are described, which are based on selective staining by the dyes toluidine blue, acridine orange, and Nile blue. Various tissue preparations, including live embryos and fixed tissue sections, can be assayed. Use of this assay to study cell deaths during Drosophila embryogenesis is described. Other uses of the assays, including environmental toxicity testing, identification of cell death-defective mutants, mapping of patterns of cell death in tissues, drug screening, and potential diagnostic and therapeutic uses, are also described. The present invention also relates to cell death genes, which are genes required for programmed cell deaths; mutant organisms, in which embryonic programmed cell death occurs to a less than normal extent; proteins encoded by the cell death genes; antibodies which bind the cell death gene products; and agents which alter the ability of cell death genes to cause programmed death of cells. As described herein, applicants have identified two genes which function in the initiation of apoptosis or programmed cell death. These two genes, referred to respectively as the reaper (rpr) gene and the head involution defective (hid) gene, map to position 75C1,2 on the third chromosome in Drosophila (D.) melanogaster and exibit expression patterns related to the pattern of cell death during Drosophila embryogenesis; mutations in each gene reduce levels of cell deaths or abolish cell death.

Abstract translation: 描述了用于凋亡细胞死亡和凋亡和坏死细胞死亡的快速和简单的测定法，其基于染料甲苯胺蓝，吖啶橙和尼罗蓝的选择性染色。 可以测定各种组织制剂，包括活胚和固定组织切片。 描述了使用该测定来研究果蝇胚胎发生期间的细胞死亡。 还描述了测定的其它用途，包括环境毒性测试，细胞死亡缺陷突变体的鉴定，组织中细胞死亡模式的映射，药物筛选和潜在的诊断和治疗用途。 本发明还涉及细胞死亡基因，其是程序性细胞死亡所需的基因; 胚胎程序性细胞死亡发生在小于正常程度的突变体生物体; 由细胞死亡基因编码的蛋白质; 结合细胞死亡基因产物的抗体; 以及改变细胞死亡基因导致细胞程序性死亡的能力的药剂。 如本文所述，申请人已经鉴定了在起始凋亡或程序性细胞死亡中起作用的两种基因。 这两个基因分别被称为收割者（rpr）基因和头部退化缺陷（hid）基因，映射到果蝇（D.）黑腹果蝇的第三染色体上的位置75C1,2和与模式相关的exibit表达模式 果蝇胚胎发生过程中细胞死亡; 每个基因中的突变减少细胞死亡的水平或者消除细胞死亡。

公开(公告)号：WO1994012618A1

公开(公告)日：1994-06-09

申请号：PCT/US1993011541

申请日：1993-11-30

Applicant: MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ,  UNIVERSITY OF IOWA RESEARCH FOUNDATION

Inventor： MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ,  UNIVERSITY OF IOWA RESEARCH FOUNDATION ,  SASISEKHARAN, Ramnath ,  LOHSE, Daniel, L. ,  COONEY, Charles, L. ,  LINHARDT, Robert, J. ,  LANGER, Robert, S.

IPC: C12N09/00

CPC classification number: C12N9/88 ,  Y10S435/822 ,  Y10S435/85

Abstract: A single, reproducible scheme to simultaneously purify all three of the heparin lyases from F. heparinum to apparent homogeneity is disclosed herein. The kinetic properties of the heparin lyases have been determined as well as the conditions to optimize their activity and stability. Monoclonal antibodies to the three heparinases are also described and are useful for detection, isolation and characterization of the heparinases.

Abstract translation: 本文公开了将来自肝素肝素的所有三种肝素裂解酶同时纯化到表观均一性的单一可再现方案。 已经确定了肝素裂解酶的动力学性质以及优化其活性和稳定性的条件。 还描述了三种肝素酶的单克隆抗体，并且其可用于肝素酶的检测，分离和表征。

公开(公告)号：WO1994006346A1

公开(公告)日：1994-03-31

申请号：PCT/US1993008958

申请日：1993-09-21

Applicant: OCULON CORPORATION ,  MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Inventor： OCULON CORPORATION ,  MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ,  THURSTON, George, M. ,  HAYDEN, Douglas, L. ,  TARATUTA, Victor, G. ,  PEETERMANS, Joyce, A. ,  BENEDEK, George, B.

IPC: A61B03/117

CPC classification number: A61B3/1173 ,  A61B3/10

Abstract: A method and apparatus for detecting cataractogenesis is disclosed. Quasielastic light scattering data are collected from the lens (12) of an individual to be tested for cataractogenesis. The data are collected from specific and reproducible sites within the lens by means of measurements made using a reticle (40) in the apparatus and processed by an autocorrelator (38). The data from the autocorrelator are then fit to a double exponential form of autocorrelation function and the resulting functional form is transformed to produce at least one dimensionless parameter Fmos. This parameter has been found to change predictably with the individual's age and, accordingly, is useful in detecting and determining the degree of cataractogenesis in the individual.

Abstract translation: 公开了一种用于检测白内障发生的方法和装置。 准弹性光散射数据从待测试个体的晶状体（12）收集用于白内障发生。 通过在装置中使用掩模版（40）进行的测量并通过自相关器（38）处理的数据，从透镜内的特定和可重现的位置收集数据。 然后将来自自相关器的数据拟合为双指数形式的自相关函数，并将所得到的函数形式转换为产生至少一个无量纲参数Fmos。 已经发现该参数随着个体的年龄而可预测地改变，因此在检测和确定个体的白内障发生程度中是有用的。