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公开(公告)号：DE2750504A1
公开(公告)日：1978-07-06
申请号：DE2750504
申请日：1977-11-11
Applicant: IBM
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公开(公告)号：DE1253316B
公开(公告)日：1967-11-02
申请号：DEJ0013845
申请日：1957-10-12
Applicant: IBM DEUTSCHLAND
Inventor： GARWIN RICHARD LAWRENCE
Abstract: 861,280. Superconductive circuits. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION. Oct. 14, 1957 [Oct. 15, 1956], No. 32001/57. Class 40 (9). [Also in Groups XIX and XL (c)] Binary digits are stored as persistent currents in a super-conducting film. Super-conductive storage elements are used as logical elements, as gates, as frequency dividers and as elements of storage matrices. A magnetic field cut by a super-conducting film tends to remain constant adjacent the film as a change in the flux induces current to restore the flux. With no controlling field, the flux is a measure of the persistent current. The flux, and consequently the persistent current, can be changed by a controlling field which drives a part at least of the film into the normal conducting state. The change of flux is then not wholly compensated by persistent currents and on removal of the controlling field the persistent current drops back to a new value corresponding to the new value of the total flux. The changes in the flux and in the persistent current can be detected inductively as they are made. Storage elements.-A magnetic field cutting a normally super-conducting film is produced by a figure 8 winding 2 and a pulse source 4. A change in the magnetic field is detected by a sense winding 3 on the other side of the film and an amplifier 5. In another arrangement, Fig. 2, a niobium film 6 includes an aperture bridged by a strip of lead/tin alloy with a low critical field. A pulse of current in a drive conductor 9 on one side of the film makes the bridge element 7 conduct normally and links magnetic flux with it within the aperture. At the end of the pulse the flux is reduced until the bridge element becomes super-conducting again and then remains constant. Persistent current circulates across the bridge element and around the two sides of the aperture. The flux changes are detected by a sensing conductor 8, not super-conductive, on the other side of the film. The drive conductor 9 may be replaced by two conductors, each of which carries a half-write current. In a third arrangement, Fig. 13, super-conducting drive conductors X, Y are arranged at right-angles on one side of a superconducting film 6a. The flux circulates, as shown, in a loop 48 and can be reversed by reversing the half-write pulses in X, Y. A halfwrite pulse in one conductor alone has no effect. Half-write pulses in both conductors drive the film 6a locally into a normal conducting state and flux remains when the film becomes superconducting at the end of a pulse. A sense conductor 8a on the other side of the film lies along the axis around which the flux circulates. Matrices.-A storage matrix, Fig. 3, comprises a number of storage elements like that shown in Fig. 2. A super-conductive film 14 of lead or tantalum is formed with a number of apertures. Conductors C1-C4 corresponding to conductor 7 of Fig. 2, lie in contact with the film and bridge the apertures. Drive conductors X1-X4, Y1-Y4, Z are arranged at different levels beneath the film 14 and are insulated by layers 10-13. The sensing condoctor 20 above the film is insulated by layers 15, 16. Outside layers 17, 18 of lead screen the structure from neighbouring planes of a threedimensional matrix. The X, Y conductors may be used for driving and the Z conductors for inhibiting storage. Alternatively the amounts may be adjusted so that currents are necessary in X, Y and Z lines to perform a writing operation. In another arrangement using the storage element of Fig. 13, drive conductors X1-X5, Y1-Y5, a super-conductive film 14a and a sensing conductor 20a are arranged as shown in Figs. 14, 15, with intervening layers of insulation 16a, 12a, 49 1 , 49. Layer 18a is a screening layer of super-conductive material. Printed circuit and vacuum metallizing techniques may be used. AND and OR circuits.-The circuit of Fig. 2 may be adapted for use as an AND circuit. A switch 27, Fig. 8, is closed momentarily to bring the cell to a reset condition with a persistent current in one direction. The signals on terminals 20, 21, 22 are together just sufficient to set the cell by changing the persistent current. The change is detected by a sensing conductor 26. If each of the signals on terminals 21-22 is strong enough to set the element the circuit performs an OR function. Gating.-An element may be arranged as in Fig. 11 to gate an alternating current signal from source 43 during pulses from source 45. Alternate positive and negative pulses 30, 31, &c., line (a) Fig. 2, when applied to winding 2 of Fig. 1 produce output pulses 34, 35, &c., line (b), in the same sense winding 3. It is stated that after a pulse 38 of small amplitude the gate is closed and no further pulses appear in the sense winding 3 until the gate is reopened by a large amplitude pulse 42. No explanation is offered. Frequency division.-The circuit of Fig. 1 serves as a frequency divider for a train of pulses shown in line (b), Fig. 10. The pulses in the sense winding are shown in line (c). The amplitude and width of the pulses in line (b) determine the division factor 2, 3, 4, &c. Pulse generator, Fig. 16. A pulse is transmitted to a drive line 62 on closure of a switch or gate 53 controlling a pentode 54 which is followed by two cathode follower stages 56, 59, an output triode 61 and the drive line. The anode of triode 59 is coupled to the grid of a triode 60 in the cathode circuit of 59 to give steep leading and trailing edges to the pulse. The length of the pulse is determined by a delay line 52. After a predetermined delay, following closure of switch 53, pentode 57 conducts and cuts off triode 59. Immediately before the end of the delay, triode 63 conducts and reduces the anode current through triode 56. Triode 64 is the output triode of another pulse generator. The two generators transmit pulses over the drive line in opposite directions. Sense amplifier.-A differential amplifier with four stages of amplication and a cathode follower may be used as the sense amplifier 5 of Fig. 1.
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公开(公告)号：DE1094806B
公开(公告)日：1960-12-15
申请号：DEI0016974
申请日：1959-09-15
Applicant: IBM
Inventor： GARWIN RICHARD LAWRENCE
Abstract: 878,377. Superconductive circuits. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION. Sept. 15, 1959 [Sept. 15, 1958], No. 31499/59. Class 40 (9). [Also in Group XXXVI] A superconductive switching device comprises inner, outer and intermediate conductors all capable of exhibiting superconductivity and so arranged that the outer conductor is effected by field produced in both the inner conductors but the inner conductors are unaffected by the outer. Fig. 1 shows an arrangement comprising three concentric cylindrical superconductors 10, 12, 14 respectively control, bias and gating windings to which batteries are connected by switches 18, 22 so as to produce magnetic fields in the same sense. The supply to the gating conductor, however, is in opposite sense. Conductor 14 is " soft," that is it has a low critical field, and may be of tantalum or tin depending on the operating temperature; the control and bias conductors are relatively " hard " and may be of niobium or lead although the control conductor may sometimes be of the same material as the gate conductor. When the device of Fig. 1 is operated as a biased cryotron switch 18 remains closed. The current in conductor 12 is less than the critical field for the gate conductor but it reduces the field to be applied to control conductor 10 to drive the gate conductor resistive while increasing the current in the gate circuit necessary to drive the gate conductor resistive. Thus the device has a gain which is greater than unity. Fig. 2 shows a practical construction of the device. An inner conductor 10 is first evaporated on to a core 34. An insulating film 32, of, for example, silicon monoxide is evaporated on followed by a hard biased conductor 112, insulating layer 30, and " soft " superconductor gate conductor 14. The radius of the core is large compared with the film thickness which is approximately 10,000 Š. The almost equal radii of the films means that current in any conductor produces the same effect at the outer surface of the gate conductor. The Specification explains why the bias conductor does not act as a magnetic screen to prevent the field of the control conductor from affecting the gate. The construction of the conductors means that each conductor produces only an external field so that each affects the conductors outside it but is not in turn affected by those outside. As a result the current in the gate conductor can flow only in the outer layers so that the bias and control fields are able to drive the inner part of the gate cylinder resistive so that the gate current is forced outwards and with it its field until the whole gate cylinder is resistive. When this occurs the gate current tends to re-distribute forming a superconductive path at the outer surface of the gate cylinder. The effect of this is that the total bias and control field is independent of the current in the gate conductor. The device of Fig. 1 may be used as an "and" circuit in which case switches 18, 22 are individually operable to apply pulses to cylinders 10 and 12 so that the cylinder 14 becomes resistive if both are closed at once. The circuit may also be used for gating. Fig. 5 shows a planar arrangement with a central control layer 10A spaced biasing layer 12A and gating layers 14A. In the arrangement of Fig. 3 the control field produced by 56 is unable to affect the gating cylinder 65 because intermediate cylinder 58 is provided with a superconducting path 65 which enables it to act as a magnetic screen. The screen is destroyed by a magnetic field produced in coil 64 to make part of the superconducting path resistive. In the device of Fig. 4 (not shown) the external superconductive path is provided by a further superconductive cylinder connected by superconductive strips to the intermediate cylinder. Each strip is enclosed by a coil which may drive it resistive. In the arrangement of Fig. 6 a sending coil 56B is coupled to a receiving coil 54B only when the superconductivity of a loop attached to coil 58B is destroyed by a field produced by gating coil 64B. Specifications 862,178 and 877,626 are referred to.
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公开(公告)号：DE69203561D1
公开(公告)日：1995-08-24
申请号：DE69203561
申请日：1992-08-31
Applicant: IBM
Inventor： GARWIN RICHARD LAWRENCE , RUSSELL GREGORY FRASER
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Patent Agency Ranking
公开(公告)号：DE3687568T2
公开(公告)日：1993-07-15
申请号：DE3687568
申请日：1986-10-20
Applicant: IBM
Inventor： CASWELL NATHAN SAUNDERS , GARWIN RICHARD LAWRENCE , LEVINE JAMES LEWIS
Abstract: The location of an object in a work area is established by sweeping a single light beam over the area and employing in coordinate calculations the rotational arc of the light source, and the serial events of the light variation when the beam as reflected from a mirror positioned on the opposite periphery intersects the object and the light variation when the beam directly intersects the object.
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公开(公告)号：DE3466301D1
公开(公告)日：1987-10-22
申请号：DE3466301
申请日：1984-05-03
Applicant: IBM
Inventor： GARWIN RICHARD LAWRENCE , LEVINE JAMES LEWIS
Abstract: Data can be entered at the face of a CRT display of a computer system by an operator who presses his finger at any selected location on a faceplate overlying the CRT. The faceplate is supported by spaced piezoelectric elements, and their collective outputs are processed to identify the point of application of finger pressure on the faceplate, and hence the identity of data to be entered. The technique of processing the collective outputs includes features to give accurate identification of the point of application of force.
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公开(公告)号：DE3265156D1
公开(公告)日：1985-09-12
申请号：DE3265156
申请日：1982-03-18
Applicant: IBM
Inventor： GARWIN RICHARD LAWRENCE
Abstract: In an optical scanning system in which a fixed beam 3 is scanned over a target area 6 by reflection from a rotating mirror 4, the scan can be reduced, to zero if necessary, by looping the optical path to provide double reflection from the rotating surface by means of a pair of fixed inclined mirrors (9, 11). The angle of the common axis of the fixed mirrors to the axis of rotation determines the reduction factor. If the angle is a right angle the line of scan on the target area is protected against rotating mirror tilt. More than one such mechanism can be incorporated in the same system.
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公开(公告)号：DE2750261A1
公开(公告)日：1978-05-24
申请号：DE2750261
申请日：1977-11-10
Applicant: IBM
Inventor： GARWIN RICHARD LAWRENCE , LEVINE JAMES LEWIS
Abstract: A system for producing a two-dimensional multiple line display by scanning a single source or a plurality of linearly arrayed sources with a first rotating or nutating reflective element to reflect the single source or the plurality of independent sources across a screen to produce a display consisting of a single line array in the case of a single source or a band of lines in the case of a plurality of sources. A second rotating or nutating reflective element is employed to reflect the display on the screen to produce a two-dimensional multiple line image of the single line display or a two-dimensional multiple band array of the band of lines.
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