Abstract:
The present invention relates to a method for chlorination of silver materials in the forms of wire, thick film paste and metallic sheet/disc. The method is environmentally friendly since the process does not produce hazardous chemicals or flammable gas. The electrochemical setup includes position the electrode containing silver materials in the anode and a platinum wire at the cathode. A DC voltage supply between 1 to 5 volts oxidizes the silver surface which receives chloride from imidazolium chloride solution to produce silver chloride on silver wire, film or disc. The imidazolium chloride reagent can be in aqueous solution or polar organic solvents or naturally exists in ionic liquid form. The imidazolium radical cation decomposes to produce a stabilized organic radical and an imidazole molecule. The stabilized radical recombines to produce volatile organic compound that can be recovered by simple distillation. The chlorination reagent can be regenerated by re-introducing the stabilized group at N1.
Abstract:
Lipophilic bromobenzene compounds substituted at the para position with long-chain hydrocarbon or fluorinated. carbon and terminal hydroxy group can be prepared from 4-bromophenylmagnesium bromide and other reagents. When converted to its Grignard derivative, the 4-hydroxyalkyI bromobenzene are reactive towards boron trihalides or boranes to give borates having sterically shielded negative charge with loosely bound metal cation suitable for creating anionic sites in chemical sensor membrane.
Abstract:
The present invention relates to the method of manufacturing of maintenance-free silver-silver chloride reference electrode wherein the immobilized gel internal electrolyte (5) is made of fluorinated quaternary ammonium chloride salts immobilized to the acrylic hydrogel polymer backbone. Migration and loss of chloride ion is prevented and thus results in negligible variation of chloride ion concentration, and prolonged life of the reference electrode.
Abstract:
An apparatus for detecting and analysing soil macronutrients using ion- selective electrode comprises a porous metal casing (1), micro porous polymeric layer (2), conductive hydrogel (3), sensor module (4), electronics connection system (5) and PCB with a readout circuit (6).
Abstract:
Novel lipophilic metal cation ionophore comprising two cyclic polyether substituents having the following molecular formula is disclosed. wherein n = 0, 1, 2 which along with 2n number of methylene (CH2) units, of each of the cyclic polyether substituent is varied to derive an ionophore having specif?c affinity to any one of lithium (Li+), sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) cations. Apart from intermediate compounds, a process is also disclosed for synthesizing the ionophore from pentaerythritol by first converting it to a protected diol with 2 tosylate leaving groups, converting it to a lipophilic protected diol with Grignard reaction before deprotecting the diol. A diol silyl ether is synthesized into cyclic polyether with a tosylate leaving group which is then reacted with the deprotected diol to give the desired lipophilic metal cation ionophore.
Abstract:
This invention relates to a device for harvesting energy from ubiquitous radio waves and more particularly an adaptive rectifier device (8) designed as power harvesting circuit which is to harvest electrical energy by tapping the commercially available radio waves. The device (10) comprises of an antenna (1), a high frequency transformer (2), an automatic tuning circuit (3), a capacitors bank (4), a rectifier (5), a threshold limit circuit (6) and an adaptive circuit (7). The threshold limit circuit (6) is configured having a predetermined output voltage and when an output voltage is below than the predetermined voltage, the automatic tuning circuit (3) starts searching for new source of radio frequency (RF) energy by changing its capacitance by feeding a distinctive voltage into the automatic tuning circuit (3) via the adaptive circuit (7). The searching for RF energies stops when the output voltage level resumes to the predetermined voltage.
Abstract:
The present invention relates to preparation of immobilized lipophilic ammonium borate salts, wherein the salt can form covalent bond with the monomer of sensing membrane and thus immobilized to the matrix backbone. The sterically shielded ammonium and borate ions create equal number of lipophilic cationic and anionic sites that are loosely bound and when in contact with silver-silver electrode can function as planar reference electrode.
Abstract:
The present invention relates to the syntheses fluorinated quaternary ammonium salts with active fluorinated acrylamide or acrylate group for polymerization. The fluorinated quaternary ammonium salts can be used as a component for the preparation of immobilized internal electrolyte in maintenance-free reference electrode, lipophilic agents in anion chemical sensor membranes and ionic dopants for conductive hydrogels.
Abstract:
The present invention relates to the use of an apparatus for filtering, extracting and analyzing soil nutrient. The apparatus comprises spray head (1), sampling filter (2), inert tubing (3), flow injection analysis (FIA) system (4), extractant supply (5), rinse supply (6), waste output (7), micro sampling platform (8), sensor cell (9) and/or analyzer (10).
Abstract:
The present invention relates to the syntheses of fluorinated acrylamides and amino acrylates. The fluorinated acrylamide IV, fluorinated acrylamide V and fluorinated amino acrylate VI can be used as precursor molecules for the preparation of fluorinated quaternary ammonium salts. The fluorinated quaternary ammonium salts can be used as immobilized internal electrolyte in maintenance-free reference electrode, immobilized lipophilic agents in anion chemical sensor membranes and ionic dopants for moisture- retaining conductive hydrogels.