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    X-RAY DETECTOR AND METHOD FOR MEASURING ENERGY OF INDIVIDUAL X-RAY PHOTONS FOR IMPROVED IMAGING OF SUBJECTS USING REDUCED DOSE
    21.
    发明申请
    X-RAY DETECTOR AND METHOD FOR MEASURING ENERGY OF INDIVIDUAL X-RAY PHOTONS FOR IMPROVED IMAGING OF SUBJECTS USING REDUCED DOSE 审中-公开
    X射线探测器和用于测量个体X射线光子能量的方法，用于使用减少剂量改进成像成像

    公开(公告)号：WO1996041213A1

    公开(公告)日：1996-12-19

    申请号：PCT/US1996008638

    申请日：1996-06-04

    Applicant: MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

    Inventor： MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ,  BEUSCH, John, U.

    IPC: G01T01/29

    CPC classification number: G01T1/2928

    Abstract: An x-ray detector is designed to operate as an imaging spectrometer for imaging of a subject. The x-ray detector measures energy of individual x-ray photons in each of a plurality of pixels in the x-ray detector. The pixels of the x-ray detector are readout at a rate such that the likelihood of arrival of more than one x-ray photon in each pixel during a readout period is negligible. Because x-ray photons with different energy levels will create different magnitude responses in the x-ray detector, the measurements made by the x-ray detector can be weighted according to the energy level of the detected x-ray photons. Thus, responses due to noise or x-ray photons which contribute little or no x-ray attenuation information can be discarded or weighted to eliminate or reduce their effect on any resulting image. Conversely, measurements due to x-ray photons which provide significant attenuation information can be weighted significantly.

    Abstract translation: X射线检测器被设计成作为用于成像对象的成像光谱仪进行操作。 x射线检测器测量x射线检测器中的多个像素中的每一个中的各个x射线光子的能量。 x射线检测器的像素的读出速度使得在读出期间多于一个x射线光子到达每个像素的可能性是可以忽略的。 由于具有不同能量级别的x射线光子将在x射线检测器中产生不同的幅度响应，所以可以根据检测到的x射线光子的能级对x射线检测器进行的测量进行加权。 因此，可以丢弃或加权由于产生很少或没有x射线衰减信息的噪声或X射线光子的响应，以消除或减少它们对任何所得图像的影响。 相反，可以显着加权由于提供显着衰减信息的x射线光子引起的测量。

    INTERFEROMETRIC BROADBAND IMAGING
    23.
    发明申请
    INTERFEROMETRIC BROADBAND IMAGING 审中-公开
    干涉宽带成像

    公开(公告)号：WO1996038706A1

    公开(公告)日：1996-12-05

    申请号：PCT/US1996005976

    申请日：1996-04-30

    Applicant: MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

    Inventor： MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ,  EVERETT, Patrick, N. ,  MOON, Euclid, Eberle ,  SMITH, Henry, I.

    IPC: G01B09/02

    CPC classification number: G03F9/70 ,  G01B9/02043 ,  G01B9/02072 ,  G01B9/02078 ,  G01B9/0209

    Abstract: Alignment marks on first and second plates (13, 21) include a plurality of periodic gratings. A grating (gm1) on a first plate (13) has a period or pitch P1 paired up with a grating (gS1) on the second plate (21) that has a slightly different period P2. A grating (gm2) on the first plate (13) having a period p3 is paired up with a grating (gS2) on the second plate (21) having a slightly different period p4. Illuminating the gratings produces a first interference pattern (fig. 7) characterized by a first interference phase where beams diffracted from the first and second gratings overlap and a second interference pattern characterized by a second interference phase where beams diffracted from the third and fourth gratings overlap. The plates are moved until the first and second interference phases correspond to a first predetermined interference phase and a second predetermined interference phase respectively (fig. 6).

    Abstract translation: 第一和第二板（13,21）上的对准标记包括多个周期性光栅。 在第一板（13）上的光栅（gm1）具有与第二板（21）上具有稍微不同的周期P2的光栅（gS1）配对的周期或间距P1。 具有周期p3的第一板（13）上的光栅（gm2）与具有稍微不同的周期p4的第二板（21）上的光栅（gS2）配对。 照亮光栅产生第一干涉图案（图7），其特征在于第一干涉相位，其中从第一和第二光栅衍射的光束重叠，以及第二干涉图案，其特征在于第二干涉相位，其中从第三和第四光栅衍射的光束重叠 。 板移动直到第一和第二干涉相分别对应于第一预定干涉相位和第二预定干涉相位（图6）。

    INHIBITION OF VASCULAR OCCLUSION FOLLOWING VASCULAR INTERVENTION
    24.
    发明申请
    INHIBITION OF VASCULAR OCCLUSION FOLLOWING VASCULAR INTERVENTION 审中-公开
    血管闭塞后血管闭塞的抑制作用

    公开(公告)号：WO1996038188A1

    公开(公告)日：1996-12-05

    申请号：PCT/US1996006707

    申请日：1996-05-09

    Applicant: MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

    Inventor： MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ,  EDELMAN, Elazer ,  NATHAN, Aruna ,  NUGENT, Matthew, A.

    IPC: A61L27/00

    CPC classification number: C12N5/069 ,  A61K35/12 ,  A61L27/507 ,  A61L31/005 ,  C12N2533/54

    Abstract: Compositions and methods are described for treating hyperplasia of vascular smooth muscle cells and restenosis of blood vessels or accelerated arteriopathy following vascular injury or disease. Endothelial cells are cultured in a biocompatible polymeric matrix which is then implanted or wrapped around the exterior of a blood vessel. The engrafted matrix-associated endothelial cells inhibit progression or promote regression of intimal hyperplasia or smooth muscle cell proliferation in the vicinity of the blood vessel's inner surface and decreases the incidence of restenosis often associated with vascular hyperplasia.

    Abstract translation: 描述了用于治疗血管平滑肌细胞增生和血管再狭窄或血管损伤或疾病后加速的动脉病变的组合物和方法。 内皮细胞在生物相容的聚合物基质中培养，然后将其植入或缠绕在血管的外部。 移植的基质相关的内皮细胞抑制血管内表面附近的内膜增生或平滑肌细胞增殖的退化或减少与血管增生通常相关的再狭窄的发生。

    POWER ABSORBING DYNAMOMETER
    25.
    发明申请
    POWER ABSORBING DYNAMOMETER 审中-公开
    功率吸收测差仪

    公开(公告)号：WO1996034263A1

    公开(公告)日：1996-10-31

    申请号：PCT/US1996005117

    申请日：1996-04-12

    Applicant: MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

    Inventor： MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ,  SMITH, Joseph, L., Jr. ,  OGNIBENE, Edward, J.

    IPC: G01L03/20

    CPC classification number: G01L3/20

    Abstract: A power absorbing dynamometer includes a stator having an inside stator surface and a rotor having an inside rotor surface. The rotor is rotatable by a mechanical power source. The inside rotor and stator surfaces generally face and oppose each other. Together, the rotor and stator define a passage bounded substantially by the inside surfaces thereof. The passage preferably is a torus-shaped passage within the dynamometer. Liquid is introduced into the passage via a port of the dynamometer. The dynamometer also includes means for developing and maintaining within the passage a unique liquid flow which is a substantially helical recirculating flow of the liquid on the inside rotor and stator surfaces as the rotor is rotated by the mechanical power source. The liquid is thereby heated or vaporized as the rotor is rotated by the mechanical power source, and power absorbed from the mechanical power source is related to a rate at which the liquid is heated or vaporized. The power absorbing dynamometer preferably causes at least some of the liquid in the passage to boil and vaporize due substantially only to friction associated with the substantially helical recirculating flow of the liquid on the inside rotor and stator surfaces. The power absorbed from the mechanical power source is related to the rate at which the liquid vaporizes. The vaporized liquid preferably collects in the center of the passage where it can be easily vented.

    Abstract translation: 功率吸收测力计包括具有内部定子表面的定子和具有内部转子表面的转子。 转子可通过机械动力源旋转。 内转子和定子表面通常面对并相互对置。 转子和定子一起限定了基本上由其内表面限定的通道。 通道优选地是在测力计内的环形通道。 液体通过测力计的端口引入通道。 测力计还包括用于在通道内显影和保持独特的液体流动的装置，该液体流是当机械动力源转动转子时内部转子和定子表面上的液体的基本上螺旋状的循环流动。 由于当机械动力源转动转子时液体被加热或汽化，​​并且从机械动力源吸收的功率与液体被加热或蒸发的速率有关。 功率吸收测力计优选地使得通道中的至少一些液体基本上仅与内转子和定子表面上的液体的基本螺旋状的再循环流动相关的摩擦而沸腾和汽化。 从机械动力源吸收的功率与液体蒸发的速率有关。 蒸发的液体优选地聚集在通道的中心，其中可以容易地排出。

    CELL GROWTH SUBSTRATES WITH TETHERED CELL GROWTH EFFECTOR MOLECULES
    27.
    发明申请
    CELL GROWTH SUBSTRATES WITH TETHERED CELL GROWTH EFFECTOR MOLECULES 审中-公开
    细胞生长基质与细胞生长效应分子

    公开(公告)号：WO1996027657A1

    公开(公告)日：1996-09-12

    申请号：PCT/US1996002851

    申请日：1996-02-29

    Applicant: MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

    Inventor： MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ,  CIMA, Linda, G. ,  MERRILL, Edward, W. ,  KUHL, Philip, R.

    IPC: C12N05/00

    CPC classification number: A61K35/407 ,  A61K38/1808 ,  C07K17/08 ,  C07K17/10 ,  C07K17/12 ,  C07K17/14 ,  C12M35/08 ,  C12N5/0068 ,  C12N2533/30 ,  Y10S530/812 ,  Y10S530/815 ,  Y10S530/816 ,  A61K2300/00

    Abstract: Disclosed are compositions with tethered growth effector molecules, and methods of using these compositions for growing cells and tissues. Growth effector molecules, including growth factors and extracellular matrix molecules, are flexibly tethered to a solid substrate. The compositions can be used either in vitro or in vivo to grow cells and tissues. By tethering the growth factors, they will not diffuse away from the desired location. By making the attachment flexible, the growth effector molecules can more naturally bind to cell surface receptors. A significant feature of these compositions and methods is that they enhance the biological response to the growth factors. The new method also offers other advantages over the traditional methods, in which growth factors are delivered in soluble form: (1) the growth factor is localized to a desired target cell population; (2) significantly less growth factor is needed to exert a biologic response. This method can be used as a means of enhancing the therapeutic use of growth factors in vivo and of creating surfaces which will enhance in vitro growth of difficult-to-grow cells such as liver cells.

    Abstract translation: 公开了具有束缚生长效应分子的组合物，以及使用这些组合物生长细胞和组织的方法。 生长因子分子，包括生长因子和细胞外基质分子，灵活地束缚于固体底物。 组合物可以在体外或体内用于生长细胞和组织。 通过束缚生长因子，它们不会扩散到所需的位置。 通过使附着变得柔性，生长效应分子可以更天然地结合细胞表面受体。 这些组合物和方法的显着特征是它们增强了对生长因子的生物反应。 新方法还具有优于传统方法的其他优点，其中生长因子以可溶形式递送：（1）生长因子定位于期望的靶细胞群; （2）需要显着较少的生长因子来施加生物反应。 该方法可用作增强体内生长因子的治疗用途并产生表面的手段，其将增强难以生长的细胞如肝细胞的体外生长。

    HOMOLOGY OF INTERLEUKIN-1'beta'-CONVERTASE WITH C. ELEGANS CED-3 AND INHIBITION OF CELL DEATH
    28.
    发明申请
    HOMOLOGY OF INTERLEUKIN-1'beta'-CONVERTASE WITH C. ELEGANS CED-3 AND INHIBITION OF CELL DEATH 审中-公开
    具有C.ELEGANS CED-3的白细胞介素-1β-转移酶与细胞死亡抑制的同源性

    公开(公告)号：WO1996025946A1

    公开(公告)日：1996-08-29

    申请号：PCT/US1996002473

    申请日：1996-02-23

    Applicant: MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ,  HORVITZ, H., Robert ,  YUAN, Junying ,  SHAHAM, Shai

    Inventor： MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

    IPC: A61K38/55

    CPC classification number: C12N9/641 ,  A61K38/55 ,  C07K14/43581 ,  C07K14/4747 ,  C07K2319/00 ,  C12N9/6475 ,  C12Q1/6876 ,  C12Q2600/156 ,  C12Q2600/158

    Abstract: Described herein is the discovery that human interleukin-1 beta convertase (ICE) is structurally similar to the protein encoded by the C. elegans cell death gene, ced-3. Comparative and mutational analyses of the two proteins, together with previous observations, suggest that the Ced-3 protein may be a cysteine protease like ICE and that ICE may be a human equivalent of the nematode cell death gene. Another mammalian protein, the murine NEDD-2 protein, was also found to be similar to Ced-3. The NEDD-2 gene is implicated in the development of the murine central nervous system. On the basis of these findings, novel drugs for enhancing or inhibiting the activity of ICE, ced-3, or related genes are provided. Such drugs may be useful for treating inflammatory diseases and/or diseases characterized by cell deaths, as well as cancers, autoimmune disorders, infections, and hair growth and hair loss. Furthermore, such drugs may be useful for controlling pests, parasites and genetically engineered organisms. Furthermore, novel inhibitors of the activity of ced-3, ICE and related genes are described which comprise portions of the genes or their encoded products.

    Abstract translation: 这里描述的发现是人白介素-1β转化酶（ICE）在结构上类似于由线虫类细胞死亡基因ced-3编码的蛋白质。 两种蛋白质的比较和突变分析结合以前的观察结果表明，Ced-3蛋白可能是像ICE这样的半胱氨酸蛋白酶，并且ICE可能是人类等效于线虫细胞死亡基因。 还发现另一种哺乳动物蛋白，鼠类NEDD-2蛋白质与Ced-3相似。 NEDD-2基因涉及鼠中枢神经系统的发展。 在这些发现的基础上，提供了用于增强或抑制ICE，ced-3或相关基因活性的新型药物。 这些药物可用于治疗以细胞死亡为特征的炎性疾病和/或疾病，以及癌症，自身免疫性疾病，感染和毛发生长和脱发。 此外，这些药物可用于控制害虫，寄生虫和遗传工程生物体。 此外，描述了包含部分基因或其编码产物的ced-3，ICE和相关基因的活性的新型抑制剂。

    LOCALIZED DELIVERY OF FACTORS ENHANCING SURVIVAL OF TRANSPLANTED CELLS
    30.
    发明申请
    LOCALIZED DELIVERY OF FACTORS ENHANCING SURVIVAL OF TRANSPLANTED CELLS 审中-公开
    局部递送因子增强移植细胞存活

    公开(公告)号：WO1996018411A1

    公开(公告)日：1996-06-20

    申请号：PCT/US1995016356

    申请日：1995-12-14

    Applicant: MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ,  CHILDREN'S MEDICAL CENTER CORPORATION

    Inventor： MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ,  CHILDREN'S MEDICAL CENTER CORPORATION ,  MOONEY, David, J. ,  LANGER, Robert, S. ,  VACANTI, Joseph, P.

    IPC: A61K38/18

    CPC classification number: A61K9/0024 ,  A61K35/407 ,  A61K38/1808 ,  C12N5/0075 ,  C12N5/067 ,  C12N2501/11 ,  C12N2531/00 ,  C12N2533/40

    Abstract: Growth factors and/or angiogenic factors are administered in combination with dissociated cells to be transplanted, preferably in microspheres with the cells on or in a polymeric matrix, to enhance survival and profileration of the transplanted cells. Examples demonstrate that epidermal growth factor (EGF) was incorporated into microspheres fabricated from a copolymer of lactic and glycolic acid using a double emulsion technique, the incorporated EGF was steadily released over one month in vitro, and it remained biologically active, as determined by its ability to stimulate DNA synthesis, division, and long-term survival of cultured hepatocytes. EGF-containing microspheres were mixed with a suspension of hepatocytes, seeded onto porous sponges, and implanted into the mesentery of two groups of Lewis rats, to demonstrate efficacy in vivo. Two weeks after implantation in PCS animals, devices which included EGF-containing microspheres showed a two-fold increase in the number of engrafted hepatocytes, as compared to implants which received blank microspheres.

    Abstract translation: 生长因子和/或血管生成因子与待移植的解离的细胞组合施用，优选在具有在聚合物基质上或聚合物基质中的细胞的微球体中，以增强移植细胞的存活和分化。 实施例表明，使用双乳液技术将表皮生长因子（EGF）掺入由乳酸和乙醇酸共聚物制成的微球体中，结合的EGF在体外稳定释放一个月，并且其保持生物活性，如 刺激培养肝细胞的DNA合成，分裂和长期存活的能力。 将含EGF的微球与肝细胞悬浮液混合，接种到多孔海绵上，并植入两组Lewis大鼠的肠系膜，以体现体内效力。 植入PCS动物后两周，与含有空白微球的植入物相比，包含含EGF的微球的装置显示出移植肝细胞数量增加了两倍。

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