Abstract:
High quality diamond excellent in crystalline property as well as transparency, can be synthesized at a high growth speed by a process which comprises using, as a raw material gas, a mixed gas of hydrogen gas A, an inert gas B, a carbon atom-containing gas C and an oxygen atom-containing inorganic gas D in such a proportion as satisfying the following relationship by mole ratio:0.001.ltoreq.B/(A+B+C+D).ltoreq.0.950.001.ltoreq.C/(A+B+C+D).ltoreq.0.10.0005.ltoreq.D/C.ltoreq.10except where a same gas is chosen from the carbon atom-containing gas C and the oxygen atom-containing inorganic gas D, feeding the mixed gas into a reactor in which plasma is then formed by applying a DC or AC electric field at a pressure of 10 to 760 torr and thereby depositing and forming diamond on a substrate arranged in the reactor.
Abstract translation:优异的结晶性和透明性的金刚石可以通过以氢气A,惰性气体B,碳原子数为1的气体作为原料气体的原料气体的制造方法以高生长速度合成, 含有气体C和含氧原子的无机气体D的摩尔比满足以下关系:0.001 B /(A + B + C + D) 0.950.001 = C /(A+B+C+D)=0.10.0005=D/C=10except其中从含碳原子的气体C和含氧原子的无机气体D中选择相同的气体, 将混合气体进料到反应器中,其中通过施加10至760托的压力下的DC或AC电场形成等离子体,从而在布置在反应器中的基板上沉积和形成金刚石。
Abstract:
Carbonaceous material embedded within an explosive charge, is subjected toressure and temperature conditions during detonation of the charge at a supervelocity modified to obtain a compaction pressure profile having a peak pressure that is of substantially constant prolonged duration.
Abstract:
A pulse detonation engine is provided with several detonation combustors selectively coupled to an air inlet and fuel source by a rotary valve. The rotary valve isolates the steady operation of the air inlet and fuel system from the unsteady nature of the detonation process, and allows the fueling of some of the detonation chambers while detonation occurs in other detonation chambers. The fuel system may use a solid fueled gas generator.
Abstract:
High-pressure high-temperature device for conversion the graphite to diamonds (DCGD) includes a container having a high pressure chamber, an inlet for introducing a fuel, an oxidizer and an electrolyte respectively into container, a generator of instantaneous electro-impulses, electrodes secured to the container and connected with the generator of instantaneous electro-impulses to produce the power electro-discharge between electrodes. DCGD includes a source of a direct electro-current and a pair of positive and negative electrodes positioned within an electrolyte for heating the graphite in the high pressure chamber. The high-pressure chamber includes a cylinder-piston unit submerged within an electrolyte. The piston of cylinder-piston unit is explosively driven toward the high-pressure chamber by the combined action of electro-discharge in the electrolyte a combustion of fuel inside of container. DCGD may be adapted for compaction other materials, for extruding, forging and the like. DCGD may be used also to provide coating, molding and hardening work pieces which must be placed in the container.
Abstract:
Methods and apparatus for improving properties of a solid material in a target (11) by providing shock waves therein. There are directed to the surface of the material (11) pulses of coherent radiation (12) having average energy fluence of at least about 10 Joules per square centimeter and rise time of not longer than about 5 nanoseconds within a fluorescence envelope lasting about 0.5 to 5 milliseconds, at a rate of about 1 radiation pulse per 100 to 200 microseconds.The leading edge of each pulse (12) is sharpened by providing in its path an aluminum film (18) about 150 to 5000 angstroms thick that is vaporized by the pulse and then is moved across the path so that a later pulse (12) strikes an area of the film (18) not already vaporized by an earlier pulse (12).The radiation (12) is amplified by an amplifier (23) comprising a rod of phosphate laser glass that was strengthened by an ion exchange process.
Abstract:
A method and apparatus are disclosed for efficient endothermic processing of liquids and the precipitation of dissolved elements and chemical compounds. Improvements over prior systems include system layout, components and modes of operation of the system. Applications of the system include destruction of toxic wastes and sewage treatment, precipitation of chemical compounds and elements including metals from solution (brine, sea water, industrial waste), sterilization and water purification, catalytic formation of chemical compounds, and processing of hydrocarbons.
Abstract:
A process of synthesizing an end product within an integrated engine-reactor wherein an initial product, e.g., syngas, is generated within a first chamber of the engine-reactor. This product is contacted with a catalyst in a second chamber within the engine-reactor to catalytically synthesize an end product, e.g., methanol, which is then expanded within the engine-reactor to rapidly cool the end product before it is exhausted from the engine-reactor.
Abstract:
This invention relates to the manufacture of compacts of ceramic composition, cermets, and other high hardness materials by applying explosive shock during exothermic sintering of such powders.
Abstract:
A method of controlling inlet valves of a compression reactor consists in that in the process of operation of the reactor 1 pressure in its working spaces 4, 5 and supply lines 7, 6 is continuously measured, the sign of a pressure differential (.DELTA.P) between said working spaces 4, 5 and the respective supply lines 7, 6 is determined, at the instant the sign of the pressure differential (.DELTA.P) changes from "minus" to "plus" a command to relieve the inlet valves 8, 9 of all control actions, except the pressure differential, is produced, and at the instant the sign of the pressure differential (.DELTA.P) changes from "plus" to "minus" a command to read a preset time interval (.tau.) is supplied, at the expiration of which interval a command to close the inlet valves 8, 9 of the reactor 1 is produced. A device for controlling inlet valves of a compression reactor comprises drives 10, 11 actuating the inlet valves 8, 9 of the reactor 1, pressure pickups 14, 15, 16, 17 arranged in the working spaces 4, 5 and in the supply lines 6, 7, comparators 18, 19 connected to the outputs of the pickups 14, 15, 16, 17, units 12, 13 to control the drives 10, 11, the inputs of which are connected through time relays 20, 21 to the outputs of the comparators 18, 19 and the outputs of which are connected to the drives 10, 11, and a chronometer 22 connected with one of the comparators 18, 19.
Abstract:
In a system in which a gas in a supersonic stream is chemically transformed by a principal electric discharge, an auxiliary discharge first ionizes the gas in the stream.