公开(公告)号：US06477473B2

公开(公告)日：2002-11-05

申请号：US09898218

申请日：2001-07-03

Applicant: Don E. Bray

Inventor： Don E. Bray

IPC: G01L100

CPC classification number: G01N29/07 ,  G01L1/255 ,  G01N29/227 ,  G01N2291/02827 ,  G01N2291/103 ,  G01N2291/2623 ,  G01N2291/2693

Abstract: The latent stress in a material can be measured using critically refracted longitudinal ultrasonic technique. The system uses a frame to hold a hydraulic piston. The piston is used to apply an adjustable force against the probes. A signal is initiated by a first transducer. The signal is angled against the piece under test so as to create a critically refracted wave along the piece. The delay time to receive the wave at a first and second probe is measured. The delay time correlates to a stress in the piece.

公开(公告)号：US20020043106A1

公开(公告)日：2002-04-18

申请号：US09870025

申请日：2001-05-30

Applicant: SWANTECH, L.L.C.

Inventor： David B. Board

IPC: G01L001/00

CPC classification number: G01N29/42 ,  G01H1/003 ,  G01L1/255 ,  G01N29/045 ,  G01N29/12 ,  G01N29/227 ,  G01N29/36 ,  G01N2291/014 ,  G01N2291/015 ,  G01N2291/02827 ,  G01N2291/269

Abstract: A sensor for detecting stress waves for use in a stress wave analysis system. The stress waves are preferably detected in a narrow frequency range of 35-40 KHz. At this range, stress waves from friction and impact sources typically propagate through machine structures at detectable amplitudes. In order to maximize the signal to noise ratio of stress waves, relative to background noise and vibration, the sensor of the present invention is designed and calibrated with a frequency response and damping features that are specifically tailored for stress wave analysis. The sensor is a multi-functional sensor that can measure a number of logically related parameters for indicting the mechanical condition of a machine. It is often desirable to measure both friction and one or more other parameters appropriate for indication of a machine's health, where all of the measuring capability is contained in one sensor. The multi-functional capability of the present invention significantly reduces the acquisition, installation, and maintenance costs of the condition monitoring instrumentation system.

Abstract translation: 一种用于检测应力波分析系统应用的传感器。 应力波优选在35-40KHz的窄频范围内检测。 在这个范围内，来自摩擦和冲击源的应力波通常以可检测的振幅传播通过机械结构。 为了使应力波的相对于背景噪声和振动的信噪比最大化，本发明的传感器被设计和校准，其具有针对应力波分析专门定制的频率响应和阻尼特征。 传感器是一种多功能传感器，可以测量多个与逻辑相关的参数，用于指示机器的机械状态。 通常希望测量摩擦和适合于指示机器健康的一个或多个其它参数，其中所有测量能力都包含在一个传感器中。 本发明的多功能能力显着降低了状态监测仪表系统的采集，安装和维护成本。

公开(公告)号：US5808207A

公开(公告)日：1998-09-15

申请号：US885475

申请日：1997-06-30

Applicant: Dick J. Chang ,  James P. Nokes ,  Francis Hai

Inventor： Dick J. Chang ,  James P. Nokes ,  Francis Hai

IPC: G01L1/25 ,  G01L11/04 ,  G01N3/08

CPC classification number: G01L11/04 ,  G01L1/255

Abstract: A thin film stress sensor measures the maximum compressive stress between two elements that are compressed together. The sensor is formed from a thin RTV film impregnated with microballoons and reinforced with carbon fibers to restrain the lateral deformation of the RTV so that more uniform pressure can be exerted on the microballoons when the sensors are uniaxially compressed. The testing method includes applying a compressive stress up to an maximum compressive stress to rupture a first portion of the microballoons, and then applying an interrogating pressure causing acoustic emissions emitted by a second portion of the microballoons when the interrogating pressure equals the equivalent maximum compressive stress, so as to determine the maximum compressive stress.

Abstract translation: 薄膜应力传感器测量压缩在一起的两个元件之间的最大压应力。 传感器由浸渍有微球的薄RTV薄膜形成，并用碳纤维增强，以抑制RTV的横向变形，从而当传感器被单轴压缩时，能够对微球施加更均匀的压力。 测试方法包括施加最大压缩应力的压缩应力以破坏微球的第一部分，然后当询问压力等于当量最大压应力时，施加询问压力，引起由微球的第二部分发射的声发射 ，以确定最大压应力。

公开(公告)号：US5750900A

公开(公告)日：1998-05-12

申请号：US792695

申请日：1997-01-29

Applicant: Monte K. Hugentobler ,  Efrain Anthony Mandracchia

Inventor： Monte K. Hugentobler ,  Efrain Anthony Mandracchia

IPC: G01L1/25 ,  G01N29/22 ,  G01N29/24

CPC classification number: G01L1/255 ,  G01N29/223 ,  G01N29/227 ,  G01N29/2412 ,  G01N2291/02827

Abstract: The present invention defines an improved strain gauge and a method of using an electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) for monitoring stress and strain in an underlying workpiece. The gauge is provided with positioning pins for fixing the registration of the EMAT relative to the workpiece. The gauge is provided with a friction reducing means, such as a bearing or a wheel assembly, to minimize EMAT bottom contact surface area and thus unwanted frictional influences caused by deformation of the workpiece under the EMAT. An assembly for reliably positioning the EMAT gauge above a workpiece is also disclosed, in which the assembly comprises an actuating means which by a linkage mechanism lowers or raises at least the EMAT into position, further allowing access to the positioning pins for applying the necessary force to fix the position of the gauge relative to the workpiece.

Abstract translation: 本发明定义了改进的应变计和使用电磁声换能器（EMAT）来监测下层工件中的应力和应变的方法。 该量规设有定位销，用于固定EMAT相对于工件的对准。 仪表上设置有诸如轴承或轮子组件之类的摩擦减小装置，以最小化EMAT底部接触表面积，并因此使EMAT下的工件变形引起不必要的摩擦影响。 还公开了一种用于将EMAT计量器可靠地定位在工件上方的组件，其中组件包括致动装置，该致动装置通过连杆机构将至少EMAT降低或升高到位，还允许进入定位销以施加必要的力 以固定仪表相对于工件的位置。

公开(公告)号：US5604314A

公开(公告)日：1997-02-18

申请号：US504224

申请日：1995-07-19

Applicant: Allen R. Grahn

Inventor： Allen R. Grahn

IPC: G01B15/06 ,  G01L1/25 ,  G01L5/16 ,  G01L5/22 ,  G01H5/00

CPC classification number: G01B17/04 ,  G01L1/255 ,  G01L5/16 ,  G01L5/228 ,  G01N2291/02827

Abstract: A triaxial force sensor using a hemispherical target supported by a compliant element such as a spring or an elastomer supported by a rigid support member. The sensor includes a plurality of ultrasonic transducers disposed in a plane at equal intervals about the target and vertically and laterally offset from the target. The transducers are oriented at an oblique angle to the plane, and aimed at the target in its rest position. The target is displaced by sufficient force applied to elastically deform the compliant element, which displacement alters the transit times of ultrasonic signals from the transducers which are reflected from the target. If at least three sensor units are employed non-colinearly, the six force-torque components, F.sub.x, F.sub.y, F.sub.z, M.sub.x, M.sub.y, M.sub.z, can be determined from the pulse transit times, the speed-of-sound in the medium or media between the transducers and the target, the deformation response of the compliant element, and the known geometry and spacing of the transducers. Pairs of transducers may be rotationally offset from each other to determine different force-torque components. A plurality of sensors as described may be employed together in a multi-sensor array. An alternative embodiment employing both the amplitude and the transit time of an ultrasonic pulse is also disclosed.

Abstract translation: 一种三轴力传感器，其使用由诸如弹簧的柔性元件或由刚性支撑构件支撑的弹性体支撑的半球形靶。 该传感器包括多个超声波换能器，该超声波换能器以相等的间隔设置在平面上，并且与目标物垂直和侧向偏移。 换能器被定向成与该平面成倾斜的角度，并且将目标瞄准在其静止位置。 目标通过施加足够的力以使柔性元件弹性变形而移位，该位移改变来自目标反射的换能器的超声波信号的传送时间。 如果非共线使用至少三个传感器单元，则可以从脉冲传递时间，介质中的声速或者声音的速度确定六个力 - 扭矩分量Fx，Fy，Fz，Mx，My，Mz 传感器和目标之间的介质，柔性元件的变形响应以及换能器的已知几何形状和间隔。 换能器对可以彼此旋转地偏移以确定不同的力 - 扭矩分量。 所描述的多个传感器可以一起用于多传感器阵列中。 还公开了采用超声波脉冲的幅度和通过时间两者的替代实施例。

公开(公告)号：US5553500A

公开(公告)日：1996-09-10

申请号：US329465

申请日：1994-10-26

Applicant: Allen R. Grahn ,  Josephine M. Grahn

Inventor： Allen R. Grahn ,  Josephine M. Grahn

IPC: G01B15/06 ,  G01L1/25 ,  G01L5/16 ,  G01L5/22 ,  G01N29/26

CPC classification number: G01B17/04 ,  G01L1/255 ,  G01L5/16 ,  G01L5/228 ,  G01N2291/02827

Abstract: A triaxial force sensor using a hemispherical target embedded in a compliant layer such as an elastomer and having a plurality of ultrasonic transducers disposed in a plane at equal intervals about the target and vertically and laterally offset from the target. The transducers are oriented at an oblique angle to the plane, and aimed at the target in its rest position. The target is displaced by sufficient force applied to the surface of the compliant layer, which displacement alters the transit times of ultrasonic signals from the transducers which are reflected from the target. If at least three sensor units are employed non-colinearly, the six force-torque components, F.sub.x, F.sub.y, F.sub.z, M.sub.x, M.sub.y, M.sub.z, can be determined from the pulse transit times, the speed-of-sound in the compliant layer, the compressibility of the compliant layer, and the known geometry and spacing of the sensor units. Pairs of transducers may be rotationally offset from each other to determine different force-torque components. A plurality of sensors as described may be employed together in a multi-sensor array. An alternative embodiment employing both the amplitude and the transit time of an ultrasonic pulse is also disclosed.

Abstract translation: 一种三轴力传感器，其使用嵌入柔性层（例如弹性体）中的半球形靶，并且具有多个超声波换能器，所述多个超声波换能器以相等的间隔设置在平面上，并且与目标物垂直和侧向偏移。 换能器被定向成与该平面成倾斜的角度，并将目标瞄准在其静止位置。 目标通过施加到顺应层的表面的足够的力而移位，该位移改变了来自目标反射的换能器的超声波信号的传播时间。 如果非共线性使用至少三个传感器单元，则可以从脉冲传递时间确定六个力 - 转矩分量Fx，Fy，Fz，Mx，My，Mz，柔顺层中的声速 ，柔性层的可压缩性，以及传感器单元的已知几何形状和间距。 换能器对可以彼此旋转地偏移以确定不同的力 - 扭矩分量。 所描述的多个传感器可以一起用于多传感器阵列中。 还公开了采用超声波脉冲的幅度和通过时间两者的替代实施例。

公开(公告)号：US5205176A

公开(公告)日：1993-04-27

申请号：US797716

申请日：1991-11-25

Applicant: Ian E. Kibblewhite

Inventor： Ian E. Kibblewhite

IPC: B06B1/06 ,  F16B31/02 ,  G01L1/25 ,  G01L5/24

CPC classification number: G01L1/255 ,  B06B1/0662 ,  G01L5/246 ,  F16B2031/022 ,  G01N2291/02827 ,  G01N2291/2691 ,  Y10T29/42

Abstract: A load indicating cell and a method of manufacturing a load indicating cell are disclosed and claimed. An ultrasonic transducer, grown on one surface of a load bearing member, such as a fastener, is used to determine the length, stress or other tensile load dependent characteristic of the member using ultrasonic techniques.

Abstract translation: 公开并要求保护负载指示单元和制造负载指示单元的方法。 使用生长在诸如紧固件的承载构件的一个表面上的超声换能器来确定使用超声波技术的构件的长度，应力或其他拉伸载荷相关特性。

公开(公告)号：US4843346A

公开(公告)日：1989-06-27

申请号：US203177

申请日：1988-06-07

Applicant: Joseph S. Heyman ,  Robert S. Rogowski ,  Milford S. Holben, Jr.

Inventor： Joseph S. Heyman ,  Robert S. Rogowski ,  Milford S. Holben, Jr.

IPC: G01B15/06 ,  G01L1/25

CPC classification number: G01B15/06 ,  G01L1/255

Abstract: A radio frequency strain monitor includes a voltage controlled oscillator for generating an oscillating signal that is input into a propagation path. The propagation path is preferably bonded to the surface of a structure to be monitored and produces a propagated signal. A phase difference between the oscillating and propagated signals is detected and maintained at a substantially constant value which is preferably a multiple of 90.degree. by changing the frequency of the oscillating signal. Any change in frequency of the oscillating signal provides an indication of strain in the structure to which the propagation path is bonded.

Abstract translation: 无线电频率应变监测器包括用于产生输入到传播路径中的振荡信号的压控振荡器。 传播路径优选地结合到要监视的结构的表面并产生传播信号。 通过改变振荡信号的频率，检测振荡和传播信号之间的相位差并将其维持在基本上恒定的值，其优选为90°的倍数。 振荡信号的频率的任何变化提供传播路径被结合到的结构中的应变指示。

公开(公告)号：US4545252A

公开(公告)日：1985-10-08

申请号：US533207

申请日：1983-09-06

Applicant: Mihail T. Marinov ,  Lyubomir T. Petkanchin ,  Georgi I. Pushev ,  Georgi T. Kostov ,  Mitko M. Mihovski ,  Valentina A. Manolova

Inventor： Mihail T. Marinov ,  Lyubomir T. Petkanchin ,  Georgi I. Pushev ,  Georgi T. Kostov ,  Mitko M. Mihovski ,  Valentina A. Manolova

IPC: G01N29/26 ,  G01L1/00 ,  G01L1/25 ,  G01L5/00 ,  G01M99/00 ,  G01N29/04 ,  G01N29/24

CPC classification number: G01M99/00 ,  G01L1/255 ,  G01L5/0047 ,  G01N29/24 ,  G01N2291/02827

Abstract: The apparatus comprises a base and two movable opposite centers, one of which is fastened to a rotatable axle, while the other is fastened to a screw by means of a bearing, and mounted in two opposite parallel plates. Between the plates there is disposed a tank filled with an acoustic medium, and underneath it there is mounted a sensor which is connected to a measuring system. Two parallel guides are transversely fastened to the plates. The base is suspended on the parallel guides with a collar fastened to it. The base is provided with a driving screw and a handle. A spring, within the collar and attached to it, is fastened rigidly to a guiding sleeve. To this sleeve there is fastened the tank, on which there are seated parallel rotating rollers. A limiting sleeve of the sensor is mounted inside a guide by means of a locking nut, which is pressed against a second nut fastened to the guiding sleeve.

Abstract translation: 该装置包括基座和两个可移动的相对的中心，其中一个中心被固定在可旋转的轴上，而另一个则通过轴承固定在螺钉上，并且安装在两个相对的平行板上。 在板之间设置有填充有声学介质的罐，并且在其下面安装有连接到测量系统的传感器。 两个平行的导轨横向固定在板上。 基座悬挂在平行导轨上，并有一个固定在其上的套环。 基座设有驱动螺钉和把手。 在套环内并连接到其上的弹簧被刚性地紧固到导向套筒上。 在这个套筒上紧固了坦克，在那里安置有平行的转动辊子。 传感器的限位套筒通过锁定螺母安装在引导件内，锁紧螺母被压靠在固定到引导套筒上的第二螺母上。

公开(公告)号：US4033182A

公开(公告)日：1977-07-05

申请号：US700673

申请日：1976-06-28

Applicant: Wayman N. Clotfelter

Inventor： Wayman N. Clotfelter

IPC: G01L1/25 ,  G01L11/04 ,  G01L1/00

CPC classification number: G01L11/04 ,  G01L1/255 ,  G01N2291/02827

Abstract: A method for measuring stress in test articles including the steps of obtaining for a calibrating specimen a series of transit time differentials between the second wave echo for a longitudinal wave and the first wave echo for each of a pair of shear waves propagated through the specimen as it is subjected to a known stress load of a series of stress loads for thus establishing a series of indications of the magnitudes for stress loads induced in the specimen, and thereafter obtaining a transit time differential between the second wave echo for a longitudinal wave and the first wave echo for each of a pair of shear waves propagated in the planes of the stress axes of a test article and comparing the transit time differential thus obtained to the series of transit time differentials obtained for the specimen to determine the magnitude of biaxial stress in the test article.

Abstract translation: 一种用于测量试样的应力的方法，包括以下步骤：为通过样本传播的一对剪切波中的每一个获得用于纵波的第二波回波与第一波回波之间的一系列通过时间差的一系列通过时间差 它受到一系列应力负荷的已知应力负荷，从而建立了一系列对样本中引起的应力负荷的量值的指示，之后获得了用于纵波的第二波回波与 对于在测试物品的应力轴的平面中传播的一对剪切波中的每一个的第一波回波，并将由此获得的渡越时间差与对于样本获得的一系列通过时间差进行比较，以确定双轴应力的大小 测试文章。