The invention relates to the technical field of machinery, and discloses a laser radar multipoint distance measurement system on the basis of diffraction optical components. The laser radar multipoint distance measurement system comprises a laser signal transmitting device, a laser signal receiving device and a signal processing system. The signal processing system is connected with the laser signal transmitting device and the laser signal receiving device, the laser signal transmitting device comprises a pulse laser device, and a collimation system, a beam expansion system, a diffraction grating and a half-transmitting and half-reflecting mirror are sequentially arranged in a light emitting direction of the pulse laser device; the light emitting direction of the pulse laser device is positioned in a transmitting direction of the half-transmitting and half-reflecting mirror, and the laser signal receiving device is arranged in a reflecting direction of the half-transmitting and half-reflecting mirror. The laser radar multipoint distance measurement system has the advantages that laser light transmitted by the pulse laser device can be divided into a plurality of light beams at equal angles or unequal angles by the diffraction grating, and the light beams can be transmitted via the half-transmitting and half-reflecting mirror, then face media at to-be-measured distances, can be reflected by the media at the to-be-measured distances and then can be reflected to the laser signal receiving device by the half-transmitting and half-reflecting mirror.