The invention provides a method for extracting various components of an electrolyte and active materials through supercritical extraction. A supercritical device is used for extracting main electrolyte components in a battery employing carbon dioxide as an extraction liquid and acetonitrile as a cosolvent; other components are subjected to ultrasonic oscillation and extracted through a supercritical carbon dioxide device; and then active materials in an electrode are striped, thereby recycling the active components and the electrolyte in the battery at the maximum efficiency.