The invention belongs to the technical field of industrial waste recycling secondary preparation, and relates to a granular adsorbent capable of efficiently removing phosphorus in waste water and a preparation and application method of the granular adsorbent. The granular adsorbent is prepared from aluminum sludge, coal ash, bentonite and surplus sludge, the weight ratio of the aluminum sludge, the coal ash, the bentonite to the surplus sludge is (4-10):(0.5-4):(0.5-4):(1-5). According to the granular adsorbent, phosphorus in water can be efficiently removed, so that eutrophication of the water is eliminated. According to the granular adsorbent, phosphorus removing efficiency can be effectively improved, eutrophication of the water is further reduced, and the granular adsorbent is low in cost.