The invention discloses a remote sensing observation system and method for multi-optical properties of aerosol. A plurality of laser devices of different wavelengths are adopted to vertically emit laser, a plurality of corresponding receivers receive scattered light signals of the wavelengths respectively, the intensity change of atmospheric scattered light signals along with scattering height isobtained, the vertical profile of the extinction coefficient of the multi-wavelength aerosol is further obtained in an iterative mode, and then the vertical profile of the wavelength exponent of the aerosol is obtained. By means of the remote sensing observation system and method, the optical properties of various types of aerosol at different heights above the ground can be obtained at the same time, the influence of a blind area on an inversion result is avoided, and observation can be conducted as long as it is cloudless; the observation system is simple and effective, the cost is low, a new technical means is provided for the vertical observation of the optical properties of the aerosol, and a support is provided for the inversion of associated instruments for the remote sensing observation of the optical properties of the aerosol.