A coal gangue interface recognition test system for top coal caving, comprising a base (1), a coal gangue particle impact vibration test device, and a coal flow-simulated coal gangue caving impact test device, wherein the coal gang particle impact vibration test device comprises a vibration stand device (3), a support assembly, a coal caving device (2), and a high-speed camera assembly (205). The coal gangue particles is released to the vibration stand device (3) by means of the coal caving device (2). Instantaneous image information of the coal gang particles falling to the vibration stand device (3) is obtained by the high-speed camera assembly (205). The coal flow-simulated coal gangue caving impact test device comprises a coal flow-simulated caving device (4), a coal gangue conveying device (401), a coal shoveling device (405), and a top coal caving hydraulic support working group (5). The coal flow-simulated coal gangue caving impact test is performed on the top coal caving hydraulic support working group (5) by means of a simulated mining pressure loading device (402) and a coal flow pressing device (403). The test system can achieve the vibration plate test of impact simulation of single-particle, multi-particle, and group-particle coal gangue, and can also simulate the actual release of top coal caving and effectively obtain the data of the release test of top coal caving.