The invention discloses a method for recycling vanadium and fluorine from aluminum ash. According to the method, the aluminum ash produced in the electrolytic aluminum process is used as a raw material, and is leached out with hot water so that leachate can be obtained; precipitant is added into the leachate, and mixed precipitate is obtained; calcium vanadate in the mixed precipitate is dissolvedwith a dilute sulfuric acid solution, filtering and separating are performed, ammonia water is added into leachate obtained after filtering to adjust pH of remaining leachate so that ammonium vanadate precipitate can be obtained, and industrial grade vanadium pentoxide is obtained due to roasting; and concentrated sulfuric acid is added to residues obtained after filtering, heating and stirring are performed, and hydrogen fluoride gas is absorbed so that hydrofluoric acid products can be prepared. The method for recycling vanadium and fluorine from the aluminum ash is novel in process and lowin production cost, soluble vanadium and fluorine in the aluminum ash are recycled, and meanwhile harmless treatment of the aluminum ash is achieved.