A thermodynamic modeling and thermal design method of a high speed machine tool structure includes such steps as 1, performing 3D digital modeling of high-speed machining machine tool; 2, calculatingthat heating power of the main heat source and the related heat transfer coefficient of the high-speed machining machine tool; 3, calculating that thermal resistance parameter of the plane joint partof the machine tool; 4, performing thermodynamic model and thermal characteristic calculation of a whole machine structure of a high-speed machining machine tool; 5, a thermal state design method of awhole machine structure of a high-speed machine tool. By adopting the thermodynamic design method of the whole structure of the high-speed machining machine tool provided by the invention, the thermodynamic modeling accuracy of the whole structure of the high-speed machining machine tool can be greatly improved and the design period can be shortened. It is not only convenient for the forward design of high-speed machining machine, but also improves the success rate of one-time design.