An embodiment of the invention discloses a self-positioning clamp device for a substrate and a self-positioning method. The self-positioning clamp device for the substrate comprises a base station, afirst group of push-press clamps, a second group of push-press clamps and a control circuit, wherein push-press clamps in the first group of push-press clamps are distributed on two sides, connected with each other, of the base station, and push-press clamps in the second group of push-press clamps are distributed on the other two sides, connected with each other, of the base station; distance sensors are arranged at least on the push-press clamps in the first group of push-press clamps, and pressure sensors are arranged on the push-press clamps in the second group of push-press clamps; and the control circuit is used to control the movement of the push-press clamps according to the feedback signals from the distance sensors and the pressure sensors, until the substrate is clamped with preset pressure. The self-positioning clamp device solves the problem that manual calculation and setting are needed to determine the clamping positions of the existing substrate clamp. The self-positioning clamp device can clamp the substrate in a self-positioning manner, avoids the damage, caused by errors and other factors in manual setting, to the substrate, and improves the qualification rate ofthe substrate during the clamping process.