The invention discloses a real-time and efficient railway track detection method. Detection base stations are arranged at intervals along a railway, a track detection device is installed on a train, and all the detection base stations and the track detection device are in communication connection with a management server. The real-time and efficient railway track detection method comprises the steps that the detection base stations detect to obtain the train information in the detection section of the detection base stations to be sent to the management server as the external data and the dataof the detection base stations; the track detection device detects a track to obtain the train information as internal data, and detects the track information as track collection data; and in the management server, according to each detection base station, the transmission data of the detection base stations and the track detection device are analyzed and optimized sequentially to obtain the whole railway track road section detection data. According to the real-time and efficient railway track detection method, the railway track state can be timely and efficiently reflected to management personnel, the high-precision and all-round real-time online detection of the track can be realized, and the unified management of the detection state can be carried out.