A method of identifying a target material in a spectral image includes acquiring a spectral image of a scene. The method also includes performing image segmentation to partition the spectral image into a plurality of segments. The method includes accessing a database of spectral models of a plurality of materials to determine a material whose spectral model is most similar to the spectral data for the segment, a difference between the spectral model of the material and the spectral data for the segment including measurable reflectance or radiance at characteristic frequencies or wavelengths. The method also includes analyzing a database of spectral data for a plurality of target materials to identify a target material whose spectral data also has measurable reflectance or radiance at the characteristic frequencies or wavelengths. And the method includes outputting an identifier of the target material for display with the spectral image.