A catadioptric high-aperture optical element includes a substrate made of a transparent material; and a lens formed on the substrate. The lens includes, plural refractive features formed on a central portion of the lens, and plural reflective features formed on a ring portion of the lens. The plural refractive features are shaped to refract light incoming from the substrate and the plural reflective features are shaped to achieve total internal reflections with the light incoming from the substrate.