A poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP)-effector molecule conjugate comprising an automodified PARP having a plurality of poly ADP-ribose (ADPr) polymers on a surface of the automodified PARP, wherein the poly ADPr polymers comprise two or more 3′-azido NAD+ moieties, and the effector molecule is conjugated to at least one of the 3′-azido NAD+ moieties of the poly ADPr polymers while at least one of the 3′-azido NAD+ moieties remain unconjugated.