Abstract:
An apparatus and method for measuring potentiometric electrode impedance for diagnostic purpose while continuously reading the results of the process value. A square wave is applied to an external circuit (78, 84), which in turn is coupled to an electrode assembly (13) output through a capacitor (52). The output of the electrode (13) is converted into a pulse width modulated signal and sampled. These sampled values are used to calculate the impedance and process output value.
Abstract:
A solid electrolyte gas analyzer (40) is equipped with a diagnostic circuit (50) that intermittently measures an impedance of the solid electrolyte measurement cell (60) as an indication that the cell is in need of calibration or replacement. The disgnostic operation is performed on the cell (60) in situ, i.e., while the solid electrolyte cell (60) is exposed to the gas to be measured and heated to a controlled elevated temperature. Preferably the cell impedance is measured at a predetermined frequency by injecting a modulated current through the cell (60) and measuring the resulting voltage drop.
Abstract:
A method and apparatus are disclosed for measuring a resistance of a sensor (10). The apparatus injects a first test current (16) into the sensor (10) and then measures a substantially stable first voltage level across the sensor when the first test current is present. The apparatus then injects a second test current (17) into the sensor, the second test current (17) being substantially equal to but opposite in polarity to the first test current (16). A substantially stable second voltage level across the sensor (10) is measured when the second test signal is present. Using the first measured voltage level and the second measured voltage level, the apparatus calculates the resistance of the sensor (10).
Abstract:
An Ion-sensitive Field Effect Transistor (ISFET) sensor (52, 300) for sensing ion activity of a solution includes a substrate (54, 220, 304) and an ISFET semiconductor die (56, 160, 200, 302). The substrate (54, 220, 304) has front surface (66) exposed to the solution, a back surface (68) opposite to the front surface and aperture (74) extending between the front and back surfaces. The ISFET semiconductor die (54, 160, 200, 302) has an ion-sensitive surface (65) with a gate region (60, 174). The ion-sensitive surface is mounted to the back surface (68) such that the gate region (60, 174) is exposed to the solution through the aperture (74).
Abstract:
A solid electrolyte gas analyzer (40) includes a probe (42) for immersion in the gas of interest. The probe has a passageway (57) connecting the gas of interest to a heated solid electrolyte cell (60). A collection of beads (56A), each having an outer surface comprising a catalytic material such as platinum, is disposed in the passageway (57). The platinum surfaces of the beads (56A) act as a catalyst to protect the cell (60) from sulfur and other corrosive elements originating from the gas of interest. In a preferred embodiment the beads (56A) are disposed proximate the cell (60) and a heater (66) surrounds both the cell (60) and the beads (56A) to heat them to a predetermined temperature.
Abstract:
A solid electrolyte gas analyzer (40) includes an analyzer circuit (50) housed in an electronics housing (48) and a probe housing (42) for immersion in the gas of interest. The electronics housing (48) mounts directly to the probe housing (42), preferably through a standoff (52). The analyzer circuit (50) is powered by an AC line input and includes a switching power supply (84) to convert the AC line input to DC power useable by the analyzer circuit (50). The analyzer circuit (50) also includes a heater circuit (92) controlling a heater (66) in the probe housing (42). The power supply (84) and the heater circuit (92) automatically adjust to different AC line input voltage levels. The switching power supply (84) efficiently supplies DC power to other portions of the analyzer circuit (50) with little heat generation.
Abstract:
A method and apparatus for measuring a content of vaporous hydrogen peroxide in a gaseous medium within an enclosure (11) includes an irradiating a portion of the gaseous medium with light, measuring an absorbance of light in a selected near-infrared wavelength range, and calculating the content of vaporous hydrogen peroxide from the measured absorbance of light.
Abstract:
A gas chromatograph (10) includes a manifold (128) having a plurality of gas conduits formed therein. A valve module (16) includes a support, a first valve (60) mounted to the support and having a plurality of ports, and a column (64) coupled to the support and being in communication with a port in the first valve (60). The valve module (16) is pluggably engagable with the manifold (128). A detector (72) is coupled relative to the column (64) to detect gasses expelled from the column (64).
Abstract:
A method and apparatus for determining Total Nitrogen Content and/or Combined Nitrate-Nitrite Nitrogen Content in an aqueous system is disclosed. To measure the Total Nitrogen Content, an oxidation tube (12) having an oxidation catalyst (32) receives a carrier gas (20) including oxygen and a sample (13) of the aqueous system. The oxidation tube (12) converts the aqueous sample (13) to a product gas including nitrogen dioxide. The nitrogen dioxide is then converted to nitric oxide in a reaction chamber (14) having a liquid chemical reduction agent (41). The nitric oxide is received and measured to determine the Total Nitrogen Content by a detection apparatus (18). To measure the Combined Nitrate-Nitrite Nitrogen Content in the aqueous system, a second aqueous sample (43) is injected into the reaction chamber (14) and converted to a second quantity of nitric oxide. The second quantity of nitric oxide is received and measured by the detection apparatus (18).
Abstract:
An analyzer (9) measures properties of multiple chemical samples, and includes an optical filter element (24) having a long axis (25) and positioned at a location where simultaneous multiple light beams, corresponding to the chemical samples to be measured, form a diffuse light spot (20) elongated along an axis (21) which is substantially aligned with the filter element long axis. The analyzer also includes a light source (10), filter means (18) incorporating the filter element (24) for transmitting spectrally selected portions of the light beams, sample cells means (31, 32, 33) for exposing each sample to its associated light beam, and detector means (41, 42, 43) for detecting the light beams after modification by the samples and after transmission by the filter. In a preferred embodiment, optical fibers carry the light beams to and from the chemical samples. In a preferred embodiment the filter means (18) is an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) system.