公开(公告)号：DE1124750B

公开(公告)日：1962-03-01

申请号：DEI0015775

申请日：1958-12-18

Applicant: IBM DEUTSCHLAND

Inventor： GREANIAS EVON CONSTANTINE ,  HARDIN WILLIAM WARNER

IPC: G06K9/20

Abstract: 875,525. Automatic character reading. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION. Dec. 17, 1958 [Dec. 23, 1957], No. 40741/58. Class 106 (1). In a character recognition apparatus, to provide for misregistration of the character a wide strip is sensed by x sensing elements of which the character can only affect y, a set of x primary transmission channels from the x sensing elements being interconnected with (y+1) secondary transmission channels in such a way that the signals sensed from a character by a group of the x sensing elements are transferred to the secondary channels in an identifiable form. As shown in Fig. 1 the characters move in sequence under a line of sensing elements 5. These are magnetic heads, the character being printed in magnetic ink. Alternatively photo-electric cells could be used. The vertical length of the line of heads represents the character height H plus the vertical misalignment expected. The channels from all sensing heads pass to amplifiers and cross-talk eliminating circuits 7, then to circuits 9 which as described above reduce the number of channels to be considered from x to (y+1). The signals on the (y+1) channels pass through integrator amplifier and clipper circuits 11 to coding and coding storage circuits 13 which derive signals representing five types of horizontal section through a character. These signals are analysed in circuit 15 to determine what characters have been scanned. Eliminating cross-talk.-As shown in Fig. 2, the signal from the magnetic reading heads MH1, MH2, MH3, &c. are amplified in stages 21, 23. A portion of the output from each second stage 23 is fed back by a resistor, e.g. 24 to the inputs of the second stages of adjacent channels. Since the feed-back signals are of opposite phase cross-talk between adjacent channels is cancelled. Channel reduction.-The nineteen channels PC1-PC19 are connected via eight OR gates 31-38 to eight channels SC1-SC8. A character may cover seven (y) magnetic heads a further channel (y+1) being allowed to provide a blank lead to indicate the top or bottom of the character. The primary channels PC1- PC8 are connected to secondary channels SC1- SC8. Channels PC9-PC16 are also connected to channels SC1-SC8 and the remaining channels P17-P19 are connected to channels SC1- SC3. All the signals sensed are thereby applied to the secondary channels irrespective of the location of the character under the sensing heads and one of the channels SC1-SC8 will have no signal since only seven of the sensing heads are affected by the character and this blank line is used to give a reference point in the cyclic read-out to obtain the character signals in the proper order. Instead of connecting spaced sensing heads together or OR gates 31-38, groups of heads (e.g. MH1, MH9 and MH17) may be connected in series before amplification and cross-talk elimination. The signals on the secondary channels SC1-SC8 are integrated by resistor 41, Fig. 4, and capacitor 42, amplified at 43, clipped at 44, and amplified again at 45 to produce a pulse of which the duration is proportional to the width of the scanned portion of the character. This pulse is inverted at 49 and used to trigger a monostable unit 48 which produces a pulse of predetermined length, which is gated with the pulse from amplifier 45. The output from gate 51, which occurs only when the black portion of the character produces a pulse greater than a predetermined length, is inverted and stored in a trigger 54. The signal from inverter 49 is inverted at 56 and applied to a monostable trigger 57 controlling gate 58. The output from this gate indicating a white gap in a scan of greater than a predetermined length, is inverted and stored in trigger 60. The third input to gate 58 prevents a white signal occurring until a black signal has been detected and registered in a counter consisting of triggers 63, 64. This counter counts the cross-overs, i.e. the number of times the scan crosses a black area during its path across the character. The connections to gate 58 also cause white areas occurring after a second cross-over to be ignored. An input signal to trigger 63 is produced by inverter 49 each time the leading edge of a black area is detected. Five scanning indications.-The signals representing white or black areas of greater than a certain length and the cross-over count signals are combined to determine the presence of five standard indications as follows: XO (no black areas detected in a scan), XS (a single cross, over, which is short), XL (a single cross-over, which is long), 2XA (two or more cross-overs, a short white gap between the first two) and 2XB (two or more cross-overs, a long white gap between the first two). These indications are extracted by combining the outputs of triggers 54, 60, 63 and 64 in gates 69, 77, the signals being temporarily stored in latches 86-90 and read out on to five indication lines 91-95 via gates 96-100. The circuit of Fig. 4 is repeated for each of the eight secondary channels SC1-SC8 and their indication signals, XO-1, XO-2, XO-3, &c. are read out in sequence on to the lines 91-95. This is effected by a counting ring of nine stages which cycles twice in each character sensing time, the bottom of a character being determined for read-our purposes by the occurrence of an XO signal following a number of the other signals XS, XL, &c. from the other channels. Recognition circuits.-The sequences of scanning indications on the eight channels are shown for the digits 1-9 and 0 in Fig. 6. For example, numeral " 3 " has the following indications on the channels SC1 to SC8 respectively: No black (XO) single cross-over with a long black area (XL), a short white area between two cross-overs (2XA) a long black (XL), a short black (XS), a long white between two crossovers (2XB), a long black (XL) and a no black signal (XO). In Fig. 7 a chain of seven triggers is provided for each numeral, adapted to be operated in sequence by the indications XO, XS, XL, &c. occurring in the characteristic order (e.g. as set out for " 3 " above). Connections from the five indication lines 91- 95 are made to appropriate ones of the triggers 153-159 (for numeral three) so that when the sequence XO-XL-2XA-XL-XS-2XBXL-XO appears the triggers will set in turn and give a signal at terminal 151 indicating that numeral " 3 " has been recognized. Other chains are similar. The character signals are stored on ten latch circuits. Checking.-To check that one and only one character has been recognized the outputs from the latch circuits are applied to a summing amplifier and the resulting signal is passed to two threshold devices, one of which responds when more than one character signal is present and the other of which responds when no character signal is present. When more than one character or none is indicated an alarm may be given, the machine may stop or rescan the character. Where a single character signal is produced it passes to utilization equipment, e.g. a card punch, a calculator or an audio or visual output device. Specification 710,554 is referred to.

公开(公告)号：DE1105914B

公开(公告)日：1961-05-04

申请号：DEI0017269

申请日：1959-11-21

Applicant: IBM

Inventor： GREANIAS EVON CONSTANTINE

IPC: G06K9/38 ,  H03G7/02 ,  H04N1/403 ,  H04N5/16

Abstract: 1,032,902. Automatic character reading. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION. Jan. 4, 1965 [Jan. 30, 1964], No. 267/65. Heading G4R. In a character-reading apparatus the character is scanned and video signals are derived from each portion and applied to a clipping circuit, the level of which is adjusted in accordance with the video signals obtained from adjacent portions in the same scan and adjacent portions in the previous scan. The character is scanned in a series of vertical lines, each consisting of a number of horizontal strokes. The video signals are applied to a delay line the output taps of which are connected to a summation circuit. The centre tap is connected to a threshold circuit comprising transistor 30 and the output of the summation circuit, representing the portions above and below the centre, portion is applied to transistor 32 to obtain a clipping voltage which is passed via resistor 40 to the emitter of transistor 30. The output of transistor 30 passes to a onescan delay 52 via a consolidation circuit 47 (as described in ), in which each group of three horizontal strokes is designated " black " or " white." The signals relating to the three areas of the previous scan adjacent the central portion are taken via differently weighted resistors 55-57 to a summing circuit. The weighting is such that the area in the previous scan immediately adjacent the area of which the signal is being clipped has the greatest effect. An adjustable portion of the signal obtained is also applied to the emitter of transistor 30 via resistor 44. The two signals one from the current scan and one from the previous scan are combined in resistors 40, 44 to give the clipping level.

公开(公告)号：DE69026417D1

公开(公告)日：1996-05-15

申请号：DE69026417

申请日：1990-01-23

Applicant: IBM

Inventor： AN YU LARRY ,  ARBEITMAN GORDON WAYNE ,  GREANIAS EVON CONSTANTINE ,  TANNENBAUM ALAN RICHARD ,  VERRIER GUY FRANCIS

IPC: G06F3/02 ,  G06F3/023 ,  G06F3/033 ,  G06F3/038 ,  G06F3/048 ,  G06F3/16 ,  G06F9/44 ,  G06F9/46 ,  G06F13/10 ,  H03M11/04

Abstract: An advanced user interface for use with a computer system operating on an integrated operating environment. The integrated operating environment allows a plurality of application programs to be running simultaneously, one of which is designated the active application program to which all input data is directed. The advanced user interface allows a user to select among user-friendly input devices to operate any application program according to his individual preferences without change to the application program code. The advanced user interface includes alternate input modules which translate the input signals transmitted from the various input devices into input messages useable by the rest of the interface. The advanced user interface also includes interface profiles which contain mappings of the input messages against corresponding commands useable by the application programs, the integrated operating environment or other modules of the advanced user interface itself. An environment link module refers to the interface profiles and matches the input message against the corresponding command for the application program active at the time the input signal was transmitted and send the corresponding command to that application program.

公开(公告)号：DE3586342D1

公开(公告)日：1992-08-20

申请号：DE3586342

申请日：1985-08-13

Applicant: IBM

Inventor： FOX ABIJAH SHAWHAN ,  GREANIAS EVON CONSTANTINE ,  KIM JOONKI ,  TAPPERT CHARLES CARSON

IPC: G06K9/62 ,  G06K9/22 ,  G06K9/34 ,  G06K9/36 ,  G06T11/60 ,  G06F15/66

Abstract: 1. A data input and display system comprises an x-y tablet (80) and stylus (84) inputting a handwritten image in X-Y coordinate signals for display on a screen or other output device. The system includes logic (50, 52, 53, 54, 56 and 58) for collocating the coordinate signals into gross discrete groups, potentially words but without identifying the data significance of such groups, corresponding to the structural grouping of the handwritten image input and determines from the coordinate signals within such groups individually, structural data relating to each such group individually and to sets of such groups. From this data, the output image is adjusted to linear and spatial uniformity.

公开(公告)号：DE1076417B

公开(公告)日：1960-02-25

申请号：DEI0011130

申请日：1955-12-30

Applicant: IBM DEUTSCHLAND

Inventor： GREANIAS EVON CONSTANTINE

IPC: G06K9/54

Abstract: 818,072. Photo-electric readers. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION. Dec. 23, 1955 [Dec. 31, 1954], No. 36932/55. Class 40 (3). [Also in Group XIX]. In a device for investigating a character means are provided for scanning the character by means of a plurality of successive scans and for producing output signals in response to the sensing of portions of the character and the output signals resulting from a small group of signals is reduced to a single output dependent on whether the area covered by the group of scans may be regarded as predominantly part of the character or not. Such a device enables a smaller scanning beam, with a consequential increase in signal to noise ratio, to be used without the following stages being provided with a large amount of data to be processed. In the embodiment of Fig. 1 a master oscillator 10 feeds a divider chain comprising a series of divide-by-two circuits 11, 12 and 13, and a final divide by four stage. An output direct from oscillator 10 controls fast sweep generator 15 to cause the application of a sequence of very short (e.g. 0.01 inch) scan waveforms to the horizontal deflection plates 16, 17, of flying- spot C.R.T. scanner 7. The output of the final frequency divider is applied to slow-sweep generator 18 which feeds vertical deflection plates 19, 20 with a waveform giving (e.g. 0.005 inch) separation between the horizontal scan lines. Means, not shown, may be used to alter the relative position of the character scanned (shown as a figure " 8 ") and the complete scan so far described so that the whole character is investigated by 10 such complete scans side by side. The character being scanned is viewed by light-sensitive cell 21 whose output is amplified at 22 and applied to a top and bottom clipper circuit 23 feeding amplifier 24 and cathode follower 25. The output from this part of the equipment is arranged to be a substantially square waveform varying between one level corresponding to the viewing of the background colour and another corresponding to the viewing of the character marking itself This waveform, through diode 27 and resistor 28, is applied to charge capacitor 31 and the potential reached is derived by means of cathode follower 29 and fed to trigger circuit 39. When a certain potential is reached, corresponding to the existance of a predominance of character marking in the group of scans under investigation the trigger changes its state and at the end of the group a signal corresponding to the state of the trigger at that time is fed out to the recognition unit. As described, a group consists of two fast scans and an output is derived from divider 11 and fed to multivibrator 37 to obtain an output pulse at the end of every second scan. This pulse is fed to gate 38 to feed out an appropriate signal if the trigger circuit 39 has changed its state during the group. It is also fed as a resetting pulse to the circuit 39, and to valve 35 to cause diode 33 to conduct and discharge capacitor 31 ready for the next operation. The initial bias on the capacitor 31 determined by the D.C. source 32 decides the total input necessary to cause trigger circuit 39 to change over. In a second embodiment (Fig. 2, not shown), the master oscillator runs at a frequency eight times faster than the fast sweep frequency and the photo-cell output controls gate circuits which, when open, allow master oscillator pulses to pass to two counter chains. When the count reaches a certain value an associated trigger circuit (like 39 in Fig. 1) is changed over. In one counter chain sampling of the trigger circuit condition followed by resetting takes place every two scans whilst in the other the sampling and resetting is effected every fourth scan.