公开(公告)号：JPS6180478A

公开(公告)日：1986-04-24

申请号：JP10414485

申请日：1985-05-17

Applicant: Ibm

Inventor： FOX ABIJAH SHAWHAN ,  GREANIAS EVON CONSTANTINE ,  KIM JOONKI ,  TAPPERT CHARLES CARSON

IPC: G06K9/62 ,  G06K9/22 ,  G06K9/34 ,  G06K9/36 ,  G06T11/60

CPC classification number: G06K9/222 ,  G06K9/00402 ,  G06T11/60

公开(公告)号：JPH0552545B2

公开(公告)日：1993-08-05

申请号：JP10414485

申请日：1985-05-17

Applicant: IBM

Inventor： FOX ABIJAH SHAWHAN ,  GREANIAS EVON CONSTANTINE ,  KIM JOONKI ,  TAPPERT CHARLES CARSON

IPC: G06K9/62 ,  G06K9/22 ,  G06K9/34 ,  G06K9/36 ,  G06T11/60 ,  G06F15/62

Abstract: 1. A data input and display system comprises an x-y tablet (80) and stylus (84) inputting a handwritten image in X-Y coordinate signals for display on a screen or other output device. The system includes logic (50, 52, 53, 54, 56 and 58) for collocating the coordinate signals into gross discrete groups, potentially words but without identifying the data significance of such groups, corresponding to the structural grouping of the handwritten image input and determines from the coordinate signals within such groups individually, structural data relating to each such group individually and to sets of such groups. From this data, the output image is adjusted to linear and spatial uniformity.

公开(公告)号：DE1237813B

公开(公告)日：1967-03-30

申请号：DEJ0027223

申请日：1964-12-24

Applicant: IBM

Inventor： ESSINGER PIERRE ,  GREANIAS EVON CONSTANTINE ,  MEAGHER PHILIP FRANCIS

IPC: G06T1/00 ,  H04N5/257

公开(公告)号：DE1255362B

公开(公告)日：1967-11-30

申请号：DEI0015822

申请日：1958-12-24

Applicant: IBM DEUTSCHLAND

Inventor： GREANIAS EVON CONSTANTINE ,  HAMBURGEN ARTHUR

IPC: G06K9/32 ,  G06K9/64

Abstract: 880,785. Automatic character reading. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION. Dec. 30, 1958 [Dec. 30, 1957], No. 42088/58. Class 106 (1). In an apparatus for sensing and recognizing printed characters the characters are scanned and means operating in synchronism with the scanning means advance the signals into a storage matrix 19, Fig. 1, so that the character shape is represented by a pattern of signals, recognition circuits 31 connected to the matrix responding when the pattern is properly located in the matrix. The sheet 1 carrying the character 2 is passed by feed rollers 4, 5 under a series of sensing elements e.g. photo-cells or magnetic reading heads 15 if the character is magnetic. There are 18 sensing elements H1- H18, Fig. 2, covering a broad scan over the area likely to be occupied by the character. This allows for considerable misalignment, the character being covered by only nine of these elements. The lines from the sensing elements are connected through Or gates OR1-OR9 in two groups of nine, to nine channels SC1-SC9 through which the sensed signals pass to the store matrix 19 which consists of 9 X 5 shift register stages. For synchronization a magnetic drum rotates with the feed rollers and timing marks thereon produce clock signals in head 23 which pass to syn- chronizing circuits 25 controlling circuits 27, 29 governing the horizontal and vertical shift of the pattern in the shift register matrix. Horizontal and vertical control.-Signals from head 23, Fig. 2, are amplified at 43 and applied to a mono-stable unit 45 the output of which on terminal H controls horizontal shift of the pattern into the store as the character passes under the sensing elements. The output from unit 45 is also inverted and provides on terminal H a negative pulse. The clock pulse also sets a trigger 49 controlling a free-running multivibrator 51 which produces pulses while the trigger is set. These pulses are counted in a trigger chain 53, 55, 57 and after a count of eight the trigger 49 is reset by trigger 57 to stop the multivibrator. After each clock pulse, therefore, a group of eight pulses is supplied and applied via the monostable unit 59 to the vertical shift control terminal V, the signal being inverted to form a corresponding negative pulse on terminal V. The shift register matrix.-The matrix store consists of nine rows of five trigger circuits, all triggers being connected to the horizontal and vertical shift lines H, H, V, V. A vertical shift pulse causes the contents of each trigger to advance to the trigger above it in its column, the top trigger being connected to the bottom one of the column so that the contents of a column can circulate. A horizontal shift pulse advances the contents of each trigger to the trigger in the adjacent column, not in the same row but in the row above. The horizontal shift pulse therefore causes a diagonal shift of one column and one row. Since after each horizontal shift pulse there are eight vertical shift pulses, the contents of each column circulate and the pattern signals are effectively displaced one step to the right remaining on the same level. As the character is sensed the pattern moves across the matrix in synchronism being circulated vertically between horizontal steps. At some time in this process, before the pattern passes out of the store, it will occupy the top seven rows as shown for numeral " 2 " in Fig. 5a and at this instant one of the recognition circuits connected to certain shift register stages will respond to the pattern present. Recognition.-The recognition circuits use combinations of three out of four expected signals at predetermined locations and as a check, the absence of signals at other locations. The combinations for " 2 " are shown in the table of Fig. 5. There are three combinations of locations where signals should be present, i.e. " black " positions and one of locations where signals should be absent, i.e. " white " positions. The first black combination 1B is of positions A2, B1, E2 and E3. The second, 2B, is concerned with positions on the diagonal line A7, B6, C5 and D4 and the third, 3B, with position on the base: A7, B7, D7 and E7. The white combination is of points A5, A6, E5 and E6. As shown in Fig. 6, signals from these stages are gated together in fours e.g. stages A2, B1, E2 and E3 are connected in threes to And gates 111, 112, 113 and 114. If any three of the stages have a signal one of the gates will pass an output via Or gate 115 to And gate 117. Or gates 122 and 128 pass signals if at least three out of the four signals are present for combinations 2B and 3B. Signals from stages A5, A6, E5 and E6 representing the white combination W are inverted and applied to gates 134-137 in the same way. The And gate 117 needs four combination signals, an " S " signal and a " DIH " signal before it can produce an output signifying that character " 2 " has been recognized. The S signal is derived from the circuit of Fig. 2 by delaying the horizontal or vertical shift signals. This ensures that the triggers are properly set after a shift before the gate 117 can open. The DIH signal is derived from the read-out and checking circuit and it ensures that the output storage and checking circuits have had time to operate in respect of the previous character before the present character is applied to these circuits. The DIH pulse, after the first character, is provided by delaying the signal appearing at the outputs of the latches, these being combined by an Or gate. Checking.-When a character is recognized an output appears on the corresponding line, e.g. 2LO, Fig. 6. These signals are temporarily stored on latches and the outputs are applied to a summing amplifier connected to two threshold devices. One of these responds if no character is recognized to give a signal on a " blank " line and the other responds if more than one character is recognized and this prevents read-out from the latches. Alarms may be operated also. Scanning by optical dissection.-In the form of Fig. 8 the image of the character which is illuminated by lamps 191, 192 is dissected in a series of vertical cuts by a rotating slotted disc 195 co-operating with a vertical slot 194. The light passing through the slots is received by a photo-cell 201. Timing pulses are derived from magnetic drum 205 rotating with the disc. The data appearing serially from the photo-cell is amplified and entered in the top left-hand stage A1 of the shift register matrix. The shift is downwards and, when the next scan through the character is about to be made, horizontally into the next column. Thereafter the pattern circulates between horizontal steps as before until it is properly positioned for recognition. Specifications 710,554, 806,457 and 874,709 are referred to.

公开(公告)号：DE1211009B

公开(公告)日：1966-02-17

申请号：DEJ0026474

申请日：1964-08-29

Applicant: IBM

Inventor： GREANIAS EVON CONSTANTINE ,  NORMAN REINI JOHN ,  MEAGHER PHILIP FRANCIS

IPC: G06K11/04 ,  G06V30/144 ,  G09G1/08

Abstract: 1,044,246. Automatic character reading. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION. May 10, 1965 [June 24, 1964], No. 19553/65. Heading G4R. In electronic servo apparatus for following the contour of a line pattern there are means for following one boundary of a line and for producing signals indicative of a discontinuity in the opposite boundary of the line. The symbol 213a, Fig. 1 (not shown), is scanned by a moving spot of light from C.R.T. 210 and reflected light is received by photo-cell 214. Attenuators 203 have two levels of gain according to the control signals on leads 203a, 205a. The inputs are sinusoidal oscillations shifted by 10 and 100 degrees so as to represent sine and cosine waveforms. In the absence of signals on leads 203a and 205a the sine and cosine waveforms pass unchanged to integrators 204, 206 giving cosine and sine. The former is inverted at 207 and the cosine and sine waveforms are applied to summing amplifiers 208, 209 causing the C.R.T. beam to trace a circular pattern on the screen. When the line 51, Fig. 3 (not shown), is cut at B by the scan, the gain of attenuators 203, 205 is reduced to half over arc D-E and forms an integrated value in the integrators 204, 206 so that the circle moves along the line in a series of connected substantially circular paths, the centres of which lie within the line being traced. The high frequency components of the deflection waveforms are removed by filters 247, 246 to provide X and Y signals representing the path of the centre of the scanning spot. The circuits of block 100 give extra data. For example, if three black areas are cut in a single circular scan a T-join is indicated. In the block 100, Fig. 2 (not shown), the video signal is clipped at 11 and applied through gate 12 to gates 13 and 14. Only gate 13 is open and single shot 15 fires and passes a gating pulse to enable gate 16. This passes the unclipped video signals to a circuit 17 which tests for black, ignoring smudges and specks. The time of single shot 15 is 90 degrees after the interception of black at B (Fig. 3), i.e. the gating pulse G ceases at D. When the single-shot resets it gives a pulse P which is combined in gate 18 with the black test signal 17a. The output of gate 18 passes through Or gates 19, 20 to fire single-shot 21. The gate output 9 resets the black test circuit 17 and provides the gain control signal on leads 203a, 205a for the attenuators 203, 205 (Fig. 1). The radius of the search circle is then reduced for 60 degrees, the period of single shot 21. At point E (Fig. 3) the circle resumes its normal size. When the single shot 21 resets the P pulse operates single shot 22 which opens gate 12 to blind the circuit to the white/black transition at F. As it resets single shot 22 re-opens gate 12 at H and fires single shot 24 which remains fired until point J. During the period H-J gate 14 is enabled and any black signal obtained will fire single shot 27, the signal 9 opening gate 28 to pass subsequent video signals to the early video evaluator. This is the same as the other test circuit 17 but has a higher black threshold. Its output is combined in gate 30 with the reset output of single shot 27 to pass a signal through Or gates 19 and 20 to single shot 21 to repeat the operations described so that the scan will follow round a corner to the right. If no line is out on a circle it may be an end or a gap. Single shot 26 causes an artificial attenuation so that the trace moves ahead in an attempt to bridge the gap. If a T-join or other feature is present on the lower side of the line the scan will encounter black during the period D to E, i.e. while the attenuation signal is present. Gate 35, enabled by this signal, passes the video signal relating to the lower side of the line to terminal 100b from which it may be passed to analyzing circuits.

公开(公告)号：DE1150235B

公开(公告)日：1963-06-12

申请号：DEI0013039

申请日：1957-03-29

Applicant: IBM DEUTSCHLAND

Inventor： GREANIAS EVON CONSTANTINE ,  HAMBURGEN ARTHUR

IPC: G04F10/10 ,  G06K9/00 ,  G06K9/20 ,  G06K9/80

Abstract: 948,821. Automatic character recognition. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION. June 16, 1960 [June 29, 1959], No. 21141/60. Heading G4R. Intervals of time between a datum pulse and a variable pulse are registered in an apparatus having a plurality of time-analogue voltage generators each associated with one cycle of a number of cycles, switching means switching the input pulses in each cycle into the corresponding generator, means for storing the time analogue voltage for a cycle and means for regenerating an interval pulse. The apparatus is described as applied to a character recognition system Fig. 2 in which a character on a moving card 41 is projected by lens 47 on to a revolving slotted disc 53 dissecting the image in vertical scans. A photo-cell 57 produces corresponding signals which after amplification, clipping and inversion are used to reset a trigger 72 previously set at the beginning of the scan by a timing pulse T1 read from a magnetic drum 65 revolving with the disc 53. The trigger 72 therefore produces pulses Vg whose duration represents the distance from the beginning of the scan to the intersection with the tops of the character. A delay 71 produces other timing pulses T2. The purpose of the apparatus is to determine the slope of the upper contour of the character e.g. a "6" as shown in Fig. 5. The distance X1 from the beginning of scan a which is a time value is converted into a voltage and stored until the next scan when it is compared with the time X2 taken in the following scan. The interval pulses Vg, one for each scan are applied to three gates 81, 83, 85, Fig. 3a which are enabled in succession by outputs from a chain of three triggers 73, 75, 77, and distributed to three charge and storage circuits 87, 89, 91. The pulse Vg when present in circuit 87 (say) causes normally conducting valve 93 to turn off and allows condenser 102 to charge from a +250 v source. The duration of the pulse Vg is therefore linearly converted into a voltage on condenser 102. A cathode follower 105 produces a corresponding output signal. Timing signals from the trigger chain are used to gate out these signals in succession through OR gate 113 on to line 115 and the condenser 102 is then discharged by a corresponding discharge circuit 117, 119, 121. The amplitude signal in line 115 is converted back to a timed pulse signal in a circuit comprising a condenser 157 which, when valve 153 is cut off by a T1 pulse at the beginning of a scan, charges at a linear rate to produce a saw-tooth voltage. The valve 143 acts as a threshold circuit conducting when the sawtooth voltage from condenser 157 on the grid exceeds the voltage on the cathode from line 115. The output from the anode is differentiated at 163, 165, squared and amplified in inverters 171, 173, and applied as a timed pulse on line 177 to triggers 179 and 181 Fig. 3b. The former turns on and the latter turns off on receipt of this signal. The interval pulse Vg from the next scan is also applied to the triggers turning 179 off and 181 on. If the pulse on line 177 arrives after the end of pulse Vg, trigger 179 remains on whereas if it arrives before the end of pulse Vg, trigger 181 remains on. The triggers are interconnected through gates 183, 185 and inverters 187, 189 to ensure that only one is on at any time. If trigger 179 is on a negative slope is indicated and a positive slope is indicated by trigger 181 being turned on. The output from the operative trigger is a duration pulse the length of which indicates the difference in time between intersections with the upper edge of the character on adjacent scans, that is, it indicates the slope. The polarity of the slope is stored on triggers 191, 193 and the magnitude is converted to an amplitude signal on condenser 205 by charging it for the duration of the pulse. The amplitude signal is applied to a pair of threshold devices 211, 213 responding to a gentle slope and a steep slope respectively. The outputs are stored on triggers 233,235. The signals from triggers 191, 193, 233 and 235 are combined in five ways in AND gates 237, 239, 241,243 and 245. These give indications that the slope is gentle and positive, gentle and negative, steep and positive, steep and negative or zero respectively. Successive gate signals indicate the slope of the upper edge of the character for each adjacent pair of scans. Signals representing the slope at predetermined scans may be used with other feature signals in character recognition circuitry.

公开(公告)号：DE69026417T2

公开(公告)日：1996-11-14

申请号：DE69026417

申请日：1990-01-23

Applicant: IBM

Inventor： AN YU LARRY ,  ARBEITMAN GORDON WAYNE ,  GREANIAS EVON CONSTANTINE ,  TANNENBAUM ALAN RICHARD ,  VERRIER GUY FRANCIS

IPC: G06F3/02 ,  G06F3/023 ,  G06F3/033 ,  G06F3/038 ,  G06F3/048 ,  G06F3/16 ,  G06F9/44 ,  G06F9/46 ,  G06F13/10 ,  H03M11/04

Abstract: An advanced user interface for use with a computer system operating on an integrated operating environment. The integrated operating environment allows a plurality of application programs to be running simultaneously, one of which is designated the active application program to which all input data is directed. The advanced user interface allows a user to select among user-friendly input devices to operate any application program according to his individual preferences without change to the application program code. The advanced user interface includes alternate input modules which translate the input signals transmitted from the various input devices into input messages useable by the rest of the interface. The advanced user interface also includes interface profiles which contain mappings of the input messages against corresponding commands useable by the application programs, the integrated operating environment or other modules of the advanced user interface itself. An environment link module refers to the interface profiles and matches the input message against the corresponding command for the application program active at the time the input signal was transmitted and send the corresponding command to that application program.

公开(公告)号：DE3586342T2

公开(公告)日：1993-02-11

申请号：DE3586342

申请日：1985-08-13

Applicant: IBM

Inventor： FOX ABIJAH SHAWHAN ,  GREANIAS EVON CONSTANTINE ,  KIM JOONKI ,  TAPPERT CHARLES CARSON

IPC: G06K9/62 ,  G06K9/22 ,  G06K9/34 ,  G06K9/36 ,  G06T11/60 ,  G06F15/66

Abstract: 1. A data input and display system comprises an x-y tablet (80) and stylus (84) inputting a handwritten image in X-Y coordinate signals for display on a screen or other output device. The system includes logic (50, 52, 53, 54, 56 and 58) for collocating the coordinate signals into gross discrete groups, potentially words but without identifying the data significance of such groups, corresponding to the structural grouping of the handwritten image input and determines from the coordinate signals within such groups individually, structural data relating to each such group individually and to sets of such groups. From this data, the output image is adjusted to linear and spatial uniformity.

公开(公告)号：DE1207684B

公开(公告)日：1965-12-23

申请号：DEJ0026457

申请日：1964-08-27

Applicant: IBM

Inventor： GREANIAS EVON CONSTANTINE ,  MEAGHER PHILIPP FRANCIS

IPC: G06K11/04 ,  G06V30/144

Abstract: 1,018,634. Automatic character reading. INTERNATIONALE BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION. Aug. 21, 1964 [Sept. 3, 1963], No. 34201/64. Addition to 996,509. Heading G4R. [Also in Division G1] In a flying spot scanner as described in the parent Specification for following the outline of a character in a series of part circles moving in steps round the character outline, there are provided means adapted when the search circle fails to intersect the character within a given interval, to increase the diameter of the search circle. A break in a line which allows the scanning spot to pass through will normally be treated as the end of a line and the search circle will follow the outline of the other side of the line. To prevent this the means according to the invention respond when the normal large search circle has failed to produce a black signal for 270 degrees, that is, from point E, Fig. 4A, to point F, to disable the video output circuit for 180 degrees. This prevents the scanning stepping along the underside of the line and causes the centre of the circle to remain fixed at point H, the circle is enlarged so that if the reason for the non-appearance of a black signal is a gap, the line beyond the gap is cut at I and the scan continues to step along the upper side of the line as before. If, on the other hand, it is the end of the line the enlarged circle will fail to cut the character again until point J and this will initiate the return scanning operation as in normal operation, the search circle reverting to normal size. The scanner 210, Fig. 1, is controlled by signals obtained from oscillator 200 via phase shifters 201, 202 which produce cosine and sine waveforms, via attenuators 203, 205 having three gain factors and integrators 204, 206 which produce cosine and sine signals, the former being inverted at 207 to obtain the cosine signal. These signals are applied via summing amplifiers to the deflection plates. The light reflected from the character produces signals from photo-cell 214 which are applied to a clipper 217 to obtain black or white signals. A black signal passing through AND gate 218 sets single-shot 219 which remains set for 180 degrees of the oscillator signal. During this time the single-shot output passes via OR gate 266 to switch the attenuators to the lowest gain so that the search circle performs 180 degrees small diameter path within the character line. The output of the clipper 217 is also taken via AND gate 218. If the search circle reaches the end of the line or passes through a gap the " black fail " circuit 250 responds. This consists of a capacitor normally charged by a black signal from single-shots 219 or 268 and discharged via a resistor at such a rate that the absence of a black signal for 270 degrees will cause a threshold circuit to provide an output to single-shot 251 which fires at point F and remains active until point H. The output is inverted at 254 to disable gate 255 but at the end of the single-shot pulse the gate passes a signal from the circuit 250 to increase the gain of attenuators 203, 205 to provide the largest search circle. While single-shot 251 is active (from point F to point H) gate 218 is blocked via inverter 252 so that no black signal can reach the single-shot 219. The scanning spot therefore passes through the line via point G which is coincident with point E. At point H the larger search circle begins and cuts the line beyond the gap at I or at J if it is a line end. In either case normal scanning is resumed, singleshot 219 again firing and disabling the " black fail " circuit 250 so that the search circle returns to normal size. To improve the ability to bridge a flaw or gap the sensitivity of the circuit is increased in the region where such an occurrence may be expected. For this purpose the output of single-shot 251 is taken to single-shot 257 which fires at the end of the input pulse, i.e. at point H. The time of single-shot 257 is 45 degrees, at which time a second single-shot 258 fires for 90 degrees. This passes a signal to the clipper 217 to reduce its threshold level. The black level is thereby reduced over a 90 degrees arc of the search circle centred about the point of expected interception with the character. The extra large search circle may also be used to cross the line of a closed character such as " 8 " or " 0 " to perform an interior scan. For this purpose a gate 261 enabled by a signal from an external logic circuit sets a flip-flop 262 which is reset by a further input from the logic circuit when the interior scan is finished. When flipflop 262 is set, flip-flop 263 sets to enable gate 264. The next black signal therefore fires singleshot 265 having a time of 270 degrees and connected via OR gate 266 to the small circle control of the attenuators. The small circle is therefore traced for 270 degrees (from N to P in Fig. 5A). The trailing edge of the 270 degrees pulse enables AND gate 267 to set flipflop 269 and to fire single-shot 268 having a time of 180 degrees. The output of flip-flop 269 passes via OR gate to cause the attenuators 203, 205 to trace a circle of the extra large diameter. So as to pass through the line, the video output being disabled during this period by the signal from single-shot 268 which disables gate 218 via inverter 259. At point S the character is cut again and the scanning proceeds normally along the inner side of the line. Background compensation.-The clipper 217 compensates for the colour of the background by storing a representative signal on capacitor C1, Fig. 3. The positive white signal passes through diode D1 to charge capacitor C1 and resistors R2 and R3 provide a path for a slow discharge occupying three or four periods of oscillator 200. Since the beam spends about 180 degrees of its time on the white background the charge in capacitor C1 is a measure of its reflectivity. A predetermined fraction of the stored voltage is applied via emitter follower T1 to the lower side of capacitor C2 which is charged at the upper end by black signals through diode D2 and resistor R4. The time constant is short so that the capacitor becomes fully charged during the black part of the scan. When a black edge is encountered the charging current through resistor R4 applies a negative voltage to the top of resistor R5 producing an output from the top of the potential divider formed by R5 and R6, R7. During the initial search for a character the clipping level is raised to prevent a scanning operation being initiated by spurious specks &c. This is effected by a signal or terminal 217 which makes transistor T3 conduct to apply negative voltage through resistor R9 to the white level signal from divider R2, R3. The effective black level is made more negative, that is, nearer the black signal level. The threshold is lowered for greater sensitivity by a signal on lead 277 which causes transistor T4 to conduct and cuts out resistor R7 so that a greater proportion of the charging signal appears on the output line 276.

公开(公告)号：CA2007411C

公开(公告)日：1998-04-21

申请号：CA2007411

申请日：1990-01-09

Applicant: IBM

Inventor： TANNENBAUM ALAN RICHARD ,  ARBEITMAN GORDON WAYNE ,  GREANIAS EVON CONSTANTINE ,  AN YU LARRY ,  VERRIER GUY FRANCIS

IPC: G06F3/02 ,  G06F3/023 ,  G06F3/033 ,  G06F3/038 ,  G06F3/048 ,  G06F3/16 ,  G06F9/44 ,  G06F9/46 ,  G06F13/10 ,  H03M11/04

Abstract: An advanced user interface for use with a computer system operating on an integrated operating environment. The integrated operating environment allows a plurality of application programs to be running simultaneously, one of which is designated the active application program to which all input data is directed. The advanced user interface allows a user to select among user-friendly input devices to operate any application program according to his individual preferences without change to the application program code. The advanced user interface includes alternate input modules which translate the input signals transmitted from the various input devices into input messages useable by the rest of the interface. The advanced user interface also includes interface profiles which contain mappings of the input messages against corresponding commands useable by the application programs, the integrated operating environment or other modules of the advanced user interface itself. An environment link module refers to the interface profiles and matches the input message against the corresponding command for the application program active at the time the input signal was transmitted and send the corresponding command to that application program.