Abstract:
A method and apparatus is provided for characterizing a differential circuit. A measurement system (200) is used to introduce input signals to the differential circuit and to measure corresponding output signals. Particularly, an input differential wave is introduced into the differential circuit (1010) while correspondingly measuring a differential output wave (1020) and a first common mode output wave (1030). Similarly, an input common mode wave is introduced (1040) while measuring a second differential output wave (1050) and a second common mode output wave (1060).
Abstract:
A twisted-pair conductor line structure is formed on a substrate (22) having insulated conductive layers (10, 11). The conductive layers are used to form first, second, third, and fourth conductive planar segments (16). A first conductive link (17) joins the first and second planar conductive segments to provide a first signal path. Similarly, a second conductive link (17) joins the third and fourth planar conductive segments to provide a second signal path. The first and second conductive links are operatively arranged to form a twist (17) in the first and second signal paths, such that the resulting magnetic fields (57, 59) around the twisted conductive segments will be opposite to each other for cancelling each other out, in order to reduce the magnetic field radiation to the surrounding environment.
Abstract:
A delay locked loop frequency synthesizer in several embodiments uses a primary delay line element (24) and one or more secondary delay elements (162 164, 270, 310). In one embodiment, a main delay line (24) is used to coarsely select a frequency output while a secondary delay element (162 164, 270, 310), either passive or active, is used to increase the resolution of the primary delay line (24). In the passive embodiment, a coarse and fine frequency selection is possible by selecting components from the output taps of the main delay line (24) as a driving signal for the passive secondary delay element (310) to provide the coarse adjustment and selecting an output from the secondary delay element (310) to provide the fine selection.
Abstract:
A digital frequency synthesizer includes a clock which produces a clock signal oscillating at a fixed frequency and a delay line which receives the clock signal and which produces therefrom a plurality of phase shifted clock signals oscillating at the fixed frequency. Each phase shifted clock signal is shifted in phase with respect to the clock signal and with respect to the other phase shifted clock signals. A look-up table receives an address value related to an ideal phase shifted clock signal oscillating at the fixed frequency and outputs a tap address related to the address value. A selection circuit receives the plurality of phase shifted clock signals and the tap address and outputs one of the phase shifted clock signals in response thereto. A sampling circuit samples at least a portion of the one phase shifted clock signal output by the selection circuit and outputs the sampled portion to form at least a part of an oscillator signal having a desired frequency.
Abstract:
A delay locked loop frequency synthesizer in several embodiments uses a primary delay line element (24) and one or more secondary delay elements (162 164, 270, 310). In one embodiment, a main delay line (24) is used to coarsely select a frequency output while a secondary delay element (162 164, 270, 310), either passive or active, is used to increase the resolution of the primary delay line (24). In the passive embodiment, a coarse and fine frequency selection is possible by selecting components from the output taps of the main delay line (24) as a driving signal for the passive secondary delay element (310) to provide the coarse adjustment and selecting an output from the secondary delay element (310) to provide the fine selection.