公开(公告)号：WO1997004521A1

公开(公告)日：1997-02-06

申请号：PCT/US1996010761

申请日：1996-06-24

Applicant: MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Inventor： MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE ,  MULJADI, Eduard

IPC: H02P09/00

CPC classification number: H02J3/383 ,  F03D7/0272 ,  F03D9/11 ,  F03D9/25 ,  F03D9/255 ,  F05B2220/706 ,  F05B2270/1016 ,  F05B2270/20 ,  H02J3/06 ,  H02J3/382 ,  H02J3/386 ,  H02J7/324 ,  H02P9/007 ,  H02P9/30 ,  H02P9/46 ,  H02P2101/15 ,  Y02E10/563 ,  Y02E10/723 ,  Y02E10/725 ,  Y02E10/763

Abstract: A variable speed wind turbine generator system (50) to convert mechanical power into electrical power or energy and to recover the electrical power or energy in the form of three phase alternating current and return the power or energy to a utility (58) or other load with single phase sinusoidal waveform at sixty (60) hertz and unity power factor includes an excitation controller (54) for generating three phase commanded current, a generator (52), and a zero-sequence filter (293). Each commanded current signal includes two components: a positive sequence variable frequency current signal to provide the balanced three phase excitation currents required in the stator windings of the generator (52) to generate the rotating magnetic field needed to recover an optimum level of real power from the generator (52); and a zero frequency sixty (60) hertz current signal to allow the real power generated by the generator (52) to be supplied to the utility (58). The positive sequence current signals are balanced three phase signals and are prevented from entering the utility (58) by the zero-sequence filter (293). The zero-sequence current signals have-zero phase displacement from each other and are prevented from entering the generator (52) by the star connected stator windings. The zero-sequence filter (293) allows the zero-sequence current signals to pass through to deliver power to the utility (58).

Abstract translation: 一种变速风力涡轮发电机系统（50），用于将机械功率转换为电力或能量并且以三相交流电的形式恢复电力或能量，并将功率或能量返回到公用设施（58）或其他负载 具有六十（60）赫兹的单相正弦波形，单位功率因数包括用于产生三相指令电流的励磁控制器（54），发电机（52）和零序滤波器（293）。 每个指令的电流信号包括两个分量：正序可变频率电流信号，以提供在发电机（52）的定子绕组中所需的平衡三相励磁电流，以产生从实际功率恢复最佳水平所需的旋转磁场 发电机（52）; 和零频率六十（60）赫兹电流信号，以允许发电机（52）产生的实际功率被提供给电力公司（58）。 正序电流信号是平衡的三相信号，并且被零序滤波器（293）阻止进入电力公司（58）。 零序电流信号彼此具有零相位移，并被星形连接的定子绕组阻止进入发电机（52）。 零序滤波器（293）允许零序电流信号通过以将功率传送到公用设施（58）。

公开(公告)号：WO1996025768A1

公开(公告)日：1996-08-22

申请号：PCT/US1995001923

申请日：1995-02-16

Applicant: MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE ,  NOUFI, Rommel ,  GABOR, Andrew, M. ,  TUTTLE, John, R. ,  TENNANT, Andrew, L. ,  CONTRERAS, Miguel, A. ,  ALBIN, David, S. ,  CARAPELLA, Jeffrey, J.

Inventor： MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE

IPC: H01L31/0296

CPC classification number: H01L31/0322 ,  Y02E10/541 ,  Y02P70/521 ,  Y10S438/93

Abstract: A process for producing a slightly Cu-poor thin film of Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 comprises depositing a first layer (16) of (In,Ga)x(Se,S)y followed by depositing just enough Cu+(Se,S) or Cux(Se,S) to produce the desired slightly Cu-poor material layer (18). In variation, most, but not all, (about 90 % to 99 %) of the (In,Ga)x(Se,S)y layer (20) is deposited first, followed by deposition of all the Cu+(Se,S) or Cux(Se,S) layer (22) to go near stoichiometric, possibly or even preferably slightly Cu-rich, and then in turn followed by deposition of the remainder (about 1 % to 10 %) of the (In,Ga)x(Se,S)y layer (24) to end with a slightly Cu-poor composition. In yet another variation, a small portion (about 1 % to 10 %) of the (In,Ga)x(Se,S)y is first deposited as a seed layer (26), followed by deposition of all of the Cu+(Se,S) or Cux(Se,S) to make a very Cu-rich mixture layer (28), and then followed deposition of the remainder of the (In,Ga)x(Se,S)y layer (30) to go slightly Cu-poor in the final Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 thin film.

Abstract translation: 用于制造Cu（In，Ga）（Se，S）2的略微Cu不良薄膜的方法包括沉积（In，Ga）x（Se，S）y的第一层（16），然后沉积刚好 Cu +（Se，S）或Cux（Se，S）以产生所需的稍微不良铜的材料层（18）。 在变化中，首先沉积（In，Ga）x（Se，S）y层（20）的大部分但不是全部（约90％至99％），然后沉积所有Cu +（Se，S ）或Cux（Se，S）层（22）接近化学计量，可能甚至优选略微富Cu，然后依次沉积（In，Ga）的余量（约1％至10％） ）x（Se，S）y层（24）以稍微不合铜的组成结束。 在另一变型中，首先将（In，Ga）x（Se，S）y的一小部分（约1％至10％）沉积为籽晶层（26），然后沉积所有Cu + Se，S）或Cux（Se，S），以形成非常富Cu的混合层（28），然后将剩余的（In，Ga）x（Se，S）y层（30）沉积到 在最终的Cu（In，Ga）（Se，S）2薄膜中略微Cu-poor。

公开(公告)号：WO1996009350A1

公开(公告)日：1996-03-28

申请号：PCT/US1995011746

申请日：1995-09-15

Applicant: MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Inventor： MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE ,  AGBLEVOR, Foster, A.

IPC: C08L97/00

CPC classification number: C07C41/01 ,  C07B41/02 ,  C07C43/23 ,  C07C43/2055

Abstract: A process for the production of low molecular weight phenolic compounds from lignins through the pyrolysis of the lignins in the presence of a strong base. In a preferred embodiment, potassium hydroxide is present in an amount of from about 0.1 % to about 5 % by weight, the pyrolysis temperature is from about 400 DEG C to about 600 DEG C at atmospheric pressure, and the time period for substantial completion of the reaction is from about 1-3 minutes. Examples of low molecular weight phenolic compounds produced include methoxyphenols, non-methoxylated phenols, methyl benzenes, and mixtures thereof.

Abstract translation: 一种在强碱存在下通过木质素热分解从木质素生产低分子量酚类化合物的方法。 在优选的实施方案中，氢氧化钾的存在量为约0.1重量％至约5重量％，热解温度为约400℃至约600℃，在大气压下，基本完成 反应约1-3分钟。 所生产的低分子量酚类化合物的实例包括甲氧基苯酚，非甲氧基化酚，甲基苯及其混合物。

公开(公告)号：WO1996007774A1

公开(公告)日：1996-03-14

申请号：PCT/US1995011339

申请日：1995-09-06

Applicant: MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Inventor： MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE ,  BHATTACHARYA, Raghuthan ,  GINLEY, David, S.

IPC: C25C05/02

CPC classification number: C22B34/10 ,  C01G25/006 ,  C01P2002/72 ,  C01P2004/80 ,  C25C5/02

Abstract: A process for the preparation of lead-zirconium-titanium (PZT) film and powder compositions. The process comprises the steps of providing an electrodeposition bath, providing soluble salts of lead, zirconium and titanium metals to this bath, electrically energizing the bath to thereby direct ions of each respective metal to a substrate electrode and cause formation of metallic particles as a recoverable film of PZT powder on the electrode, and also recovering the resultant film as a powder. Recovery of the PZT powder can be accomplished by continually energizing the bath to thereby cause powder initially deposited on the substrate-electrode to drop therefrom into the bath from which it is subsequently removed.

Abstract translation: 一种制备铅 - 锆 - 钛（PZT）薄膜和粉末组合物的方法。 该方法包括以下步骤：提供电沉积浴，将铅，锆和钛金属的可溶性盐提供到该浴中，对浴进行电激励，从而将每个相应金属的离子引导到基底电极，并引起金属颗粒的形成作为可回收的 电极上的PZT粉末膜，并且还可以将所得膜作为粉末回收。 PZT粉末的回收可以通过连续地施加浴来实现，从而使最初沉积在基底 - 电极上的粉末从其中滴落到随后除去的浴中。

公开(公告)号：WO1996002551A1

公开(公告)日：1996-02-01

申请号：PCT/US1995008868

申请日：1995-07-14

Applicant: MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Inventor： MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE ,  THOMAS, Steven, R. ,  LAYMON, Robert, A. ,  HIMMEL, Michael, E.

IPC: C07H19/00

CPC classification number: C12Y302/01021 ,  C07K2319/02 ,  C12N9/2437 ,  C12P7/10 ,  C12Y302/01004 ,  Y02E50/16

Abstract: The gene encoding Acidothermus cellulolyticus E1 endoglucanase is cloned and expressed in heterologous microorganisms. A new modified E1 endoglucanase enzyme is produced along with variants of the gene and enzyme. The E1 endoglucanase is useful for hydrolyzing cellulose to sugars for simultaneous or later fermentation into alcohol.

Abstract translation: 编码嗜酸热解葡萄糖分解酶E1内切葡聚糖酶的基因被克隆并表达在异源微生物中。 与基因和酶的变体一起产生新的修饰的E1内切葡聚糖酶。 E1内切葡聚糖酶可用于将纤维素水解成糖以同时或稍后发酵成酒精。

公开(公告)号：WO1995015010A1

公开(公告)日：1995-06-01

申请号：PCT/US1994013440

申请日：1994-11-18

Applicant: MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Inventor： MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE ,  SOPORI, Bushan, L.

IPC: H01L31/0236

CPC classification number: H01L31/1804 ,  H01L31/022425 ,  H01L31/0236 ,  H01L31/02363 ,  H01L31/056 ,  Y02E10/52 ,  Y02E10/547 ,  Y02P70/521

Abstract: A textured backside of a semiconductor device for increasing light scattering and absorbtion in a semiconductor substrate is accomplished by applying infrared radiation to the front side of a semiconductor substrate that has a metal layer deposited on its backside in a time-energy profile that first produces pits in the backside surface and then produces a thin, highly reflective, low resistivity, epitaxial alloy layer over the entire area of the interface between the semiconductor substrate and a metal contact layer. The time-energy profile includes ramping up to a first energy level and holding for a period of time to create the desired pit size and density and then rapidly increasing the energy to a second level in which the entire interface area is melted and alloyed quickly. After holding the second energy level for a sufficient time to develop the thin alloy layer over the entire interface area, the energy is ramped down to allow epitaxial crystal growth in the alloy layer. The result is a textured backside, an optically reflective, low resistivity alloy interface beetween the semiconductor substrate and the metal electrical contact layer.

Abstract translation: 用于增加半导体衬底中的光散射和吸收的半导体器件的有纹理的背面通过将红外辐射施加到半导体衬底的正面，半导体衬底的前侧具有金属层，该金属层以其首先产生凹坑的时间 - 能量分布沉积在其背面 然后在半导体衬底和金属接触层之间的界面的整个区域上产生薄的，高反射性，低电阻率的外延合金层。 时间能量曲线包括升高到第一能量水平并保持一段时间以产生所需的凹坑尺寸和密度，然后将能量迅速地增加到其中整个界面区域被熔化并快速合金化的第二水平。 在保持第二能量水平足够的时间以在整个界面区域上形成薄合金层之后，能量下降以允许合金层中的外延晶体生长。 结果是纹理背面，半导体衬底和金属电接触层之间的光反射，低电阻率的合金界面。

公开(公告)号：WO1995008648A1

公开(公告)日：1995-03-30

申请号：PCT/US1994010795

申请日：1994-09-23

Applicant: MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Inventor： MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE ,  TORGET, Robert, W. ,  KADAM, Kiran, L. ,  HSU, The-An ,  PHILIPPIDIS, George, P. ,  WYMAN, Charles, E.

IPC: C13K01/02

CPC classification number: C08H8/00 ,  C13K1/02 ,  D21C1/00

Abstract: The invention relates to the prehydrolysis of lignocellulose by passing an acidic or alkaline solution through solid lignocellulosic particles with removal of soluble components as they are formed. The technique permits a less severe combination of pH, temperature and time than conventional prehydrolysis. Furthermore, greater extraction of both hemicellulose and lignin occurs simultaneously in the same reactor and under the same conditions.

Abstract translation: 本发明涉及通过使酸性或碱性溶液通过固体木质纤维素颗粒并在其形成时去除可溶性组分的情况下将木素纤维素预水解。 该技术允许pH，温度和时间比常规预水解更不严格的组合。 此外，在相同的反应器和相同的条件下同时发生半纤维素和木质素的更多萃取。

公开(公告)号：WO1994029474A1

公开(公告)日：1994-12-22

申请号：PCT/US1994006592

申请日：1994-06-10

Applicant: MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Inventor： MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE ,  HINMAN, Norman, D. ,  HIMMEL, Michael, E. ,  GROHMANN, Karel

IPC: C12P07/06

CPC classification number: C12P7/08 ,  Y02E50/16

Abstract: In a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process for producing ethanol from biomass material, the improvement comprising: forming a substrate from biomass materials selected from the group consisting of cellulose, hemicellulose and starch; adding to said substrate a hydrolytic acid pretreatment agent; adding a lignin binding amount of a lignin peroxidase to block lignin binding sites in said biomass material; adding cellulase to said substrate to obtain simultaneous saccharification and fermentation under conditions favorable for cell viability and conversion of hydrolysates to ethanol; and recovering the ethanol from said substrate.

Abstract translation: 在用于从生物质材料生产乙醇的同时糖化和发酵方法中，改进包括：从选自纤维素，半纤维素和淀粉的生物质材料形成底物; 向所述底物中加入水解酸预处理剂; 加入木质素结合量的木质素过氧化物酶以阻断所述生物质材料中的木质素结合位点; 向所述底物中加入纤维素酶以在有利于细胞活力和水解产物转化为乙醇的条件下同时进行糖化和发酵; 并从所述底物中回收乙醇。

公开(公告)号：WO1994011777A1

公开(公告)日：1994-05-26

申请号：PCT/US1993010592

申请日：1993-11-05

Applicant: MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Inventor： MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE ,  BRANZ, Howard, M. ,  CRANDALL, Richard, S. ,  TRACY, C., Edwin

IPC: G02F01/15

CPC classification number: G02F1/163 ,  G02C7/101 ,  G02F1/1354 ,  G02F1/155 ,  G02F2001/13324

Abstract: A variable transmittance optical component (200) includes an electrochromic material (18) and a photovoltaic device-type thin film solar cell (16) deposited in a tandem type, monolithic single coating over the component. A bleed resistor (20) of a predetermined value is connected in series across the electrochromic material and photovoltaic device controlling the activation and deactivation of the electrochromic material. The electrical conductivity between the electrochromic material and the photovoltaic device is enhanced by interposing a transparent electrically conductive layer (29).

Abstract translation: 可变透光率光学部件（200）包括电致变色材料（18）和沉积在组件上的串联型单块单一涂层中的光伏器件型薄膜太阳能电池（16）。 预定值的放电电阻器（20）串联连接在控制电致变色材料的激活和失活的电致变色材料和光伏器件上。 通过插入透明导电层（29）来增强电致变色材料和光电器件之间的电导率。

公开(公告)号：WO1994005036A1

公开(公告)日：1994-03-03

申请号：PCT/US1993007938

申请日：1993-08-24

Applicant: MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE ,  SOPORI, Bhushan, L.

Inventor： MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE

IPC: H01L21/26

CPC classification number: H01L21/3003 ,  H01L31/1868 ,  Y02E10/50 ,  Y02P70/521 ,  Y10S136/29 ,  Y10S148/125 ,  Y10S148/128 ,  Y10S148/153

Abstract: A two step back-side hydrogenation process includes the steps of first bombarding the back side (24) of the silicon substrate (12) with hydrogen ions (30) with intensities and for a time sufficient to implant enough hydrogen atoms into the silicon substrate (12) to potentially passivate substantially all the defects and impurities in the silicon substrate (12), and then illuminating the silicon substrate (12) with electromagnetic radiation to activate the implanted hydrogen, so that it can passivate the defects and impurities in the substrate. The illumination step also annihilates the hydrogen-induced defects. The illumination step is carried out according to a two stage illumination schedule (34), the first or low power stage (38) of which subjects the substrate (12) to electromagnetic radiation having sufficient intensity to activate the implanted hydrogen, yet not drive the hydrogen from the substrate (12). The second or high power illumination stage (40) subjects the substrate (12) to higher intensity electromagnetic radiation which is sufficient to annihilate the hydrogen-induced defects and sinter/alloy the metal contacts (28).

Abstract translation: 两步背面氢化方法包括以下步骤：首先用氢离子（30）轰击具有强度的硅衬底（12）的背面（24），并且足以将足够的氢原子注入到硅衬底中 12）以潜在地钝化硅衬底（12）中的所有缺陷和杂质，然后用​​电磁辐射照射硅衬底（12）以激活注入的氢，使得其可以钝化衬底中的缺陷和杂质。 照明步骤还消除了氢诱发的缺陷。 照明步骤根据两级照明时间表（34）执行，其中第一或低功率级（38）使衬底（12）具有足够强度的电磁辐射来激活注入的氢，但不驱动 来自衬底（12）的氢。 第二或高功率照明级（40）使衬底（12）承受较高强度的电磁辐射，其足以消除氢引发的缺陷并烧结/合金金属触点（28）。