公开(公告)号：KR1020050100887A

公开(公告)日：2005-10-20

申请号：KR1020040026097

申请日：2004-04-16

Applicant: 한국에너지기술연구원

Inventor： 박영옥 ,  이시훈 ,  박석주 ,  정순관 ,  임정환 ,  임영준 ,  김상도 ,  최호경 ,  박현설

IPC: B01D53/10

Abstract: 본 발명은 산성가스, 중금속물질, 다이옥신, 먼지 동시제거용 복합기능여과시스템에 관한것으로, 그 목적은 연소배가스는 장치의 상부를 통해 선회류 형태로 유입되며, 산성가스는 장치의 상부에서 분사되는 흡수제와 반응하여 제거되고, 중금속물질 및 다이옥신류는 장치의 전단에서 분사되는 활성탄에 의해 흡착되어 제거되며, 일부 흡수제 및 활성탄은 배가스에 포함된 먼지와 함께 여과포에 부착되어 제거되며, 또한 미반응 산성가스 및 중금속물질 및 다이옥신류가 여과포에 부착된 흡수제 및 활성탄에 의해 제거될 수 있는 산성가스, 중금속물질, 다이옥신류 및 먼지 동시제거용 복합기능여과시스템을 제공하는데 있다.
본 발명의 구성은 연소배가스 유입관, 장치본체부, 흡수제분사노즐, 활성탄분사부, 청정배가스 배출부로 구성되고, 장치본체부는 배가스가 유입되어 흡수제와 반응하는 내통부와 여과집진이 이루어지는 외통부로 이루어진 것을 특징으로 한다.

公开(公告)号：KR100453930B1

公开(公告)日：2004-10-20

申请号：KR1020020051583

申请日：2002-08-29

Applicant: 한국에너지기술연구원

Inventor： 손재익 ,  박영옥 ,  박석주 ,  임정환 ,  김상도 ,  최호경 ,  박현설

IPC: B01D50/00

Abstract: PURPOSE: A combination type dust collecting apparatus is provided which maintains high dust collecting performance of the dust collecting apparatus and substantially extends performance and life time of dust collecting filter at the same time. CONSTITUTION: In a combination type dust collecting apparatus in which discharge electrodes(20), collecting electrodes(30) and dust collecting filters(40) are installed inside a main body(10) having inlet(11) and outlet(12), the combination type dust collecting apparatus comprises a splitting plate(50) installed inside the main body between the inlet and outlet; a plurality of mounting holes(51) formed on the splitting plate with being spaced apart from each other in a certain distance; cylindrical dust collecting filters one end of which is insertingly adhered to the mounting holes in a lower part of the splitting plate, and which are horizontally installed in a plurality of rows; a plurality of collecting electrodes which are adhered to the lower surface of the splitting plate at both sides of the dust collecting filters with being spaced apart from each other, and which are arranged slantly and horizontally in a row; a plurality of discharge electrodes which are spaced apart from each other at an outer side of the collecting electrodes and adhered to a mounting ring(60) vertically installed inside the main body in a plurality of rows; guiding portions(70) installed at the lower surface of the splitting plate in front of the collecting electrodes and dust collecting filters corresponding to the inlet; and an outlet installed at one side of the main body in an upper part of the splitting plate.

Abstract translation: 目的：提供一种组合式集尘装置，它能保持集尘装置的高集尘性能，同时大大地延长了集尘过滤器的性能和使用寿命。 构成：在具有入口（11）和出口（12）的主体（10）内部安装放电电极（20），集电极（30）和集尘过滤器（40）的组合型集尘装置中， 组合式集尘装置包括一个安装在进口和出口之间的主体内的分隔板（50） 多个安装孔（51），所述多个安装孔以一定距离彼此间隔开地形成在分离板上; 圆柱形集尘过滤器，其一端插入地粘附到分离板下部的安装孔中，并且水平地安装成多排; 多个收集电极，所述收集电极在所述集尘过滤器的两侧处彼此间隔地粘附到所述分离板的下表面，并且所述收集电极成一排地倾斜和水平地布置; 多个放电电极，所述放电电极在所述集电电极的外侧处彼此间隔开并且附着到垂直安装在所述主体内部的多行中的安装环（60）; 安装在收集电极前面的分离板下表面处的导向部分（70）和对应于入口的集尘过滤器; 以及在分离板的上部安装在主体一侧的出口。

公开(公告)号：KR1020020068935A

公开(公告)日：2002-08-28

申请号：KR1020010009363

申请日：2001-02-23

Applicant: 한국에너지기술연구원

Inventor： 우상국 ,  박영옥 ,  한인섭 ,  서두원 ,  이기성 ,  홍기석 ,  배강 ,  이상훈

IPC: B01D39/20

CPC classification number: B01D39/2075 ,  B01D2239/0471 ,  B01D2239/10 ,  C04B35/565 ,  C04B35/64

Abstract: PURPOSE: A fabrication method of silicon carbide ceramics filters on the outer surface of which a coating layer is formed is provided to improve dust collection efficiency. CONSTITUTION: The fabrication method of silicon carbide ceramics filter includes the steps of mixing silicon carbide ceramics powder 100 vol.%, 0.1 to 30.0 vol.% of carbon powder (based on the 100 volume percent of silicon carbide ceramics powder), 1.0 to 15.0 wt.% of inorganic binder (based on the 100 weight percent of silicon carbide ceramics powder), 3.0 to 20.0 wt.% of organic binder, 0.1 to 5.0 wt.% of calcium carbonate, 0.1 to 15.0 wt.% of dispersant, 0.1 to 3.0 wt.% of releasing agent and 10.0 to 35.0 wt.% of water; aging the mixture; pressure extruding the mixture in the form of filter; coating the surface of the filter by spray coating a coating solution; and sintering the coated filter. The coating solution comprises, based on the 100 parts by weight of silicon carbide ceramics powder, 0.5 to 15.0 wt.% of clay, 0.1 to 5.0 wt.% of calcium carbonate, 0.1 to 5.0 wt.% of carboxymethylcellulose, 0.1 to 5.0 wt.% of dispersant, 0.1 to 3.0 wt.% of defoaming agent and 150 to 250 wt.% of water. The sintering process includes the steps of heating the coated ceramic filter up to 800°C at temperature elevation rate of 1 to 2 °C/min; holding it at 800°C for 1-6 hours; heating the coated ceramic filter in the temperature range of 1000 to 1800°C at temperature elevation rate of 4°C/min; holding it at 1000-1800°C for 1-10 hours; and cooling to ambient temperature at a cooling rate of 5°C/min.

Abstract translation: 目的：提供在其外表面上形成涂层的碳化硅陶瓷过滤器的制造方法，以提高灰尘收集效率。 构成：碳化硅陶瓷过滤器的制造方法包括将碳化硅陶瓷粉末100体积％，碳粉0.1〜30.0体积％（碳化硅陶瓷粉末的100体积％）混合，1.0〜15.0 无机粘合剂的重量百分比（基于100重量％的碳化硅陶瓷粉末），3.0-20.0重量％的有机粘合剂，0.1-5.0重量％的碳酸钙，0.1-15.0重量％的分散剂，0.1 至3.0重量％的脱模剂和10.0至35.0重量％的水; 老化混合物; 以过滤器的形式挤压混合物; 通过喷涂涂层溶液涂覆过滤器的表面; 并烧结涂层过滤器。 涂布溶液基于100重量份的碳化硅陶瓷粉末，含有0.5〜15.0重量％的粘土，0.1〜5.0重量％的碳酸钙，0.1〜5.0重量％的羧甲基纤维素，0.1〜5.0重量％ 的分散剂，0.1〜3.0重量％的消泡剂和150〜250重量％的水。 烧结过程包括以1至2℃/ min的升温速率将涂覆的陶瓷过滤器加热至800℃的步骤; 在800℃保持1-6小时; 在1000〜1800℃的温度范围内以4℃/ min的升温速度加热涂覆的陶瓷过滤器; 在1000-1800℃保持1-10小时; 并以5℃/ min的冷却速度冷却至环境温度。

公开(公告)号：KR100287958B1

公开(公告)日：2001-04-16

申请号：KR1019990013835

申请日：1999-04-19

Applicant: 한국에너지기술연구원

Inventor： 박영옥 ,  구철오 ,  손재익 ,  임정환 ,  김상도 ,  최호경 ,  고우종

IPC: B60H3/06

Abstract: 본발명은활성탄소섬유복합에의한자동차내유입공기정화용필터및 그제조방법에관한것으로, 그목적은자동차내로유입되는미세먼지및 자동차매연, 배기가스로인한인체에유해한가스및 악취를흡착제거하여운전자와승객의건강과자동차의실내환경을쾌적하게하는활성탄소섬유복합에의한유입공기정화용필터및 그제조방법을제공하는데있다. 본발명은공기중에함유되어있는미세먼지및 유해기체로인한악취의흡착및 포집제거를위한정화용필터에있어서, 공기중에함유되어있는먼지중에큰입자를우선적으로포집하는역할을하는부가특성부여용 1차여과층(6)과; 공기중에함유되어있는미세먼지를포집제거하는역할을하는초극세섬유의 2차여과층(7)과; 유입되는공기중의유해기체를흡착제거하는역할을하는흡착및 지지용 3차여과층(8)이중첩되어결합된다.

公开(公告)号：KR1020170097390A

公开(公告)日：2017-08-28

申请号：KR1020160019065

申请日：2016-02-18

Applicant: 한국에너지기술연구원

Inventor： 박영옥 ,  김광득 ,  나임하솔리 ,  이재랑 ,  이강산 ,  전성민

IPC: B03C3/14 ,  B03C3/155 ,  B03C3/34 ,  B03C3/41 ,  B03C3/45 ,  B03C3/01 ,  B06B1/00

Abstract: 초음파인가를통한유해나노입자제거장치는정전여과부, 초음파응집부, 정전집진부및 덕트부를포함한다. 상기정전여과부는인입부를통해유입되는유해나노입자중 조대입자를제거한다. 상기초음파응집부는상기정전여과부를통과한상기유해나노입자중 미세입자에초음파를인가하여, 상기미세입자를응집시킨다. 상기정전집진부는상기초음파응집부에인접하도록배치되어, 상기미세입자의하전량을증가시키는연X선발생부를포함하여상기응집된미세입자를집진한다. 상기덕트부는상기유해나노입자를제거한공기를배출한다.

Abstract translation: 通过施加超声波去除有害纳米颗粒的设备包括静电过滤单元，超声波絮凝单元，静电集尘单元和管道单元。 静电过滤单元从流过引入部分的有害纳米颗粒中去除粗颗粒。 超声波凝聚单元对通过静电过滤单元的有害纳米颗粒中的细颗粒施加超声波，由此聚集细颗粒。 静电集尘部件与超声波凝聚部件相邻设置，并且包括用于增加微粒收集量的软X射线发生部件，从而收集凝聚的微粒。 管道部分排出已除去有害纳米颗粒的空气。

公开(公告)号：KR101426333B1

公开(公告)日：2014-08-05

申请号：KR1020130149308

申请日：2013-12-03

Applicant: 한국에너지기술연구원

Inventor： 박영옥 ,  나임하솔리 ,  전성민 ,  이강산

IPC: B01D53/50 ,  B01D53/75 ,  B01D53/83 ,  B01D53/96 ,  B01D53/78 ,  B01D45/12 ,  B01D50/00

CPC classification number: B01D53/50 ,  B01D45/12 ,  B01D46/0027 ,  B01D46/023 ,  B01D46/4281 ,  B01D47/06 ,  B01D50/008 ,  B01D53/14 ,  B01D53/75 ,  B01D53/78 ,  B01D53/96

Abstract: The present invention relates to a spouted bed type reactor for dry flue gas desulfurization and a multi-stage desulfurization method using the same. The present invention aims to provide a spouted bed type reactor for dry flue gas desulfurization and a multi-stage desulfurization method using the same in which a pressure difference between a front end and a rear end of a spouted bed type is lowered to raise a catalysis rate of sulfur oxide included in exhaust gas and a powder absorbent for desulfurization introduced into a reactor and concurrently to collect in multiple stages the sulfur oxide (Sox) and the powder absorbent according to a density difference in the reactor, and thus to collect and react in multiple stages the sulfur oxide (Sox) and the powder absorbent, thereby raising a desulfurization ratio. A spouted bed type reactor for dry flue gas desulfurization comprises: a gravity sedimentation box (1); a venturi unit (2) increasing the velocity of exhaust gas; a reactor body (3) including a conical fluidization unit (31) in which a powder absorbent for desulfurization flows to remove sulfur oxide, a fluidization unit (32) in which water, the exhaust gas and the powder absorbent injected in an upper direction, circulate to remove the sulfur oxide, and an absorbent recirculation cyclone (33) precipitating and collecting the powder absorbent that is not to be reacted included in the exhaust gas; a powder absorbent supply device (4) supplying the powder absorbent for desulfurization in the conical fluidization unit; a re-circulation powder absorbent supply device (5) re-supplying the powder absorbent that is not to be reacted for desulfurization to the conical fluidization unit; a water injection supply device (6) injecting compressed air and water upward; and a filter dust collector (7).

Abstract translation: 本发明涉及一种用于干式烟道气脱硫的喷射式反应器和使用该反应器的多级脱硫方法。 本发明的目的在于提供一种用于干燥烟道气脱硫的喷射床式反应器和使用该反应器的多级脱硫方法，其中喷射床型的前端和后端之间的压力差降低以提高催化作用 废气中包含的硫氧化物的速率和用于脱硫的粉末吸收剂被引入反应器中，并且根据反应器中的密度差同时多次收集硫氧化物（Sox）和粉末吸收剂，从而收集和反应 在多个阶段，硫氧化物（Sox）和粉末吸收剂，从而提高了脱硫率。 一种用于干烟道气脱硫的喷管式反应器，包括：重力沉降箱（1）; 文丘里单元（2）增加排气速度; 反应器主体（3），其包括锥形流化单元（31），其中流过用​​于脱硫的粉末吸收剂以除去硫氧化物;流化单元（32），其中向上方喷射的水，废气和粉末吸收剂， 循环以除去硫氧化物，并且吸收再循环旋风分离器（33）沉淀并收集排气中不包含反应的粉末吸收剂; 向所述锥形流化单元供给脱硫用粉末吸收剂的粉末吸收剂供给装置（4） 再循环粉末吸收剂供给装置（5）将未反应的粉末吸收剂再次供给到锥形流化单元; 注水供给装置（6）向上注入压缩空气和水; 和过滤除尘器（7）。

公开(公告)号：KR101245198B1

公开(公告)日：2013-03-25

申请号：KR1020120153305

申请日：2012-12-26

Applicant: 한국에너지기술연구원

Inventor： 박영옥 ,  나임하솔리 ,  전성민 ,  이강산

IPC: B01D53/90 ,  B01D46/04 ,  B01D53/56 ,  B01D53/75

CPC classification number: B01D53/90 ,  B01D46/04 ,  B01D53/56 ,  B01D53/75 ,  B01D2257/40

Abstract: PURPOSE: An integrated apparatus for removing fine dust and nitrogen oxides is provided to successively collect fine dust particles at a high efficiency and remove over 90% of nitrogen oxides by an SCR catalyst from exhaust gas in one apparatus, to suppress the increase of the pressure loss of a dust collecting filter, to remarkably improve the filtration rate, and to drastically increase the fine dust collection rate. CONSTITUTION: An integrated apparatus for removing fine dust and nitrogen oxides successively comprises a filtering and dust collecting part(A), a cleaning part(B), an exhaust gas mixing part(C), and an SCR reaction part(D). The filtering and dust collecting part comprises an outer container(1); an inlet and an outlet formed on the both ends of the outer container respectively; and an outer shape successively formed with a first standard hopper(2a), a second standard hopper(2b), a first modified hopper, and a second modified hopper in the lower part of the outer container. The internal space region of the outer shape is divided into first and second chamber space areas comprising an inner container using multiple partition walls and one partition plate, and third and fourth chamber space areas outside of the inner container. Fine dust is removed from each of the divided chamber space areas. The cleaning part removes the fine dust which is filtered by the filtration and dust collecting part. The exhaust gas mixing part injects a reducing agent into the exhaust gas passed the filtration and dust collecting part, and mixes. The SCR reaction part selectively reduces and removes nitrogen oxides from the exhaust gas passed the exhaust gas mixing part. [Reference numerals] (AA) Exhaust gas

Abstract translation: 目的：提供一种用于去除细粉尘和氮氧化物的综合设备，以高效率连续收集细小的尘埃颗粒，并通过SCR催化剂从一个设备中的废气中除去90％以上的氮氧化物，以抑制压力的增加 减少集尘过滤器，显着提高过滤速度，大幅度提高除尘效率。 构成：依次包括过滤和集尘部分（A），清洁部分（B），废气混合部分（C）和SCR反应部分（D）的综合的除尘和氮氧化物的装置。 过滤和集尘部分包括外容器（1）; 分别形成在外容器两端的入口和出口; 以及在外容器的下部依次形成有第一标准料斗（2a），第二标准料斗（2b），第一改质料斗和第二改质料斗的外形。 外形的内部空间区域被分成包括使用多个分隔壁和一个隔板的内部容器以及内部容器外部的第三和第四室空间区域的第一和第二室空间区域。 从每个分隔室空间区域移除细尘。 清洁部分除去由过滤和集尘部分过滤的细小灰尘。 排气混合部将通过过滤和集尘部的废气中的还原剂注入，混合。 SCR反应部选择性地从排气混合部排出的废气中还原并除去氮氧化物。 （附图标记）（AA）废气

公开(公告)号：KR100437344B1

公开(公告)日：2004-06-25

申请号：KR1020010050051

申请日：2001-08-20

Applicant: 한국에너지기술연구원

Inventor： 손재익 ,  박영옥 ,  박석주 ,  임정환 ,  김상도 ,  최호경 ,  박현설

IPC: B01D39/00

Abstract: PURPOSE: Provided are a dust collecting filter with a surface layer capable of preventing dust permeation thereinto, a method and an apparatus for fabricating the same. CONSTITUTION: The method for fabricating a dust collecting filter with a surface layer capable of preventing dust permeation comprises the steps of coating a mixture of ceramic particles(1) having a size of about 30 micrometers and fused adhesive(2), i.e. liquid ceramic, on the surface of a dust collecting filter, thereby forming a surface layer; making the surface layer absorb hot air at a high speed from the backside thereof, thereby forming pores(6) on the surface layer; and drying the dust collecting filter.

Abstract translation: 目的：提供一种具有能够防止灰尘渗入其中的表面层的集尘过滤器及其制造方法和设备。 本发明涉及一种制造具有能够防止灰尘渗透的表面层的集尘过滤器的方法，该方法包括以下步骤：涂覆尺寸为约30微米的陶瓷颗粒（1）和熔融粘合剂（2）即液体陶瓷的混合物， 在集尘过滤器的表面上，从而形成表面层; 使表面层从其背面以高速吸收热空气，从而在表面层上形成孔隙（6）; 并干燥集尘过滤器。

公开(公告)号：KR100419780B1

公开(公告)日：2004-02-21

申请号：KR1020010009363

申请日：2001-02-23

Applicant: 한국에너지기술연구원

Inventor： 우상국 ,  박영옥 ,  한인섭 ,  서두원 ,  이기성 ,  홍기석 ,  배강 ,  이상훈

IPC: B01D39/20

Abstract: PURPOSE: A fabrication method of silicon carbide ceramics filters on the outer surface of which a coating layer is formed is provided to improve dust collection efficiency. CONSTITUTION: The fabrication method of silicon carbide ceramics filter includes the steps of mixing silicon carbide ceramics powder 100 vol.%, 0.1 to 30.0 vol.% of carbon powder (based on the 100 volume percent of silicon carbide ceramics powder), 1.0 to 15.0 wt.% of inorganic binder (based on the 100 weight percent of silicon carbide ceramics powder), 3.0 to 20.0 wt.% of organic binder, 0.1 to 5.0 wt.% of calcium carbonate, 0.1 to 15.0 wt.% of dispersant, 0.1 to 3.0 wt.% of releasing agent and 10.0 to 35.0 wt.% of water; aging the mixture; pressure extruding the mixture in the form of filter; coating the surface of the filter by spray coating a coating solution; and sintering the coated filter. The coating solution comprises, based on the 100 parts by weight of silicon carbide ceramics powder, 0.5 to 15.0 wt.% of clay, 0.1 to 5.0 wt.% of calcium carbonate, 0.1 to 5.0 wt.% of carboxymethylcellulose, 0.1 to 5.0 wt.% of dispersant, 0.1 to 3.0 wt.% of defoaming agent and 150 to 250 wt.% of water. The sintering process includes the steps of heating the coated ceramic filter up to 800°C at temperature elevation rate of 1 to 2 °C/min; holding it at 800°C for 1-6 hours; heating the coated ceramic filter in the temperature range of 1000 to 1800°C at temperature elevation rate of 4°C/min; holding it at 1000-1800°C for 1-10 hours; and cooling to ambient temperature at a cooling rate of 5°C/min.

Abstract translation: 目的：提供一种在其外表面上形成涂层的碳化硅陶瓷过滤器的制造方法，以提高灰尘收集效率。 一种碳化硅陶瓷过滤器的制造方法，包括将碳化硅陶瓷粉末100体积％，碳粉末0.1〜30.0体积％（以碳化硅陶瓷粉末100体积％为基准），1.0〜15.0 （基于100重量％的碳化硅陶瓷粉末），3.0重量％至20.0重量％的有机粘合剂，0.1重量％至5.0重量％的碳酸钙，0.1重量％至15.0重量％的分散剂，0.1重量％ 至3.0重量％的脱模剂和10.0至35.0重量％的水; 老化混合物; 以过滤器的形式挤压混合物; 通过喷涂涂料溶液涂布过滤器的表面; 并烧结涂覆的过滤器。 基于100重量份的碳化硅陶瓷粉末，涂覆溶液包含0.5至15.0重量％的粘土，0.1至5.0重量％的碳酸钙，0.1至5.0重量％的羧甲基纤维素，0.1至5.0重量％ ，分散剂％，消泡剂0.1-3.0重量％和水150-250重量％。 烧结过程包括以下步骤：以1至2℃/ min的升温速率将涂覆的陶瓷过滤器加热至800℃; 在800℃保持1-6小时; 在4℃和分钟的升温速率下，在1000至1800℃的温度范围内加热涂覆的陶瓷过滤器; 在1000-1800℃保持1-10小时; 并以5℃/分钟的冷却速率冷却至环境温度。

公开(公告)号：KR100419779B1

公开(公告)日：2004-02-21

申请号：KR1020010009362

申请日：2001-02-23

Applicant: 한국에너지기술연구원

Inventor： 우상국 ,  박영옥 ,  한인섭 ,  서두원 ,  이기성 ,  홍기석 ,  배강 ,  이상훈

IPC: B01D39/20

Abstract: PURPOSE: A silicon carbide ceramics filter for dust collection is provided, which has high strength with the addition of alkali metal and alkali earth metal. CONSTITUTION: The fabrication method of silicon carbide ceramics filter includes the steps of mixing silicon carbide ceramics powder 100 wt.%, 1.0 to 15.0 wt.% of sintering aid (clay), 1.0 to 5.0 wt.% of forming auxiliary agent, 0.1 to 5.0 wt.% of alkali metal compound, 0.5 to 5.0 wt.% of dispersant, and 5 to 15.0 wt.% of water; aging the mixture; pressure extruding the mixture in the form of filter at 100 to 800 kg/cm¬2; and sintering the filter. The sintering process includes the steps of heating the ceramic filter up to 800°C at temperature elevation rate of 1.5 °C/min; holding it at 800°C for 6 hours; heating the ceramic filter up to 1400°C at temperature elevation rate of 4°C/min; and holding it 1400°C for 10 hours. The alkali metal compound is selected from alkali element oxides, alkali element nitride, alkali element carbonate, alkali earth element oxides, alkali earth element nitride and alkali earth element.

Abstract translation: 用途：用于除尘的碳化硅陶瓷过滤器，具有高强度，加入碱金属和碱土金属。 一种碳化硅陶瓷过滤器的制造方法，包括将碳化硅陶瓷粉末100重量％，助熔剂（粘土）1.0〜15.0重量％，成型助剂1.0〜5.0重量％，成型助剂0.1〜15重量％ 5.0重量％的碱金属化合物，0.5至5.0重量％的分散剂和5至15.0重量％的水; 老化混合物; 以100至800kg / cm 2的压力将过滤器形式的混合物挤压; 并烧结过滤器。 烧结过程包括如下步骤：将陶瓷过滤器以升温速度1.5℃/分钟升温至800℃; 在800℃保持6小时; 将陶瓷过滤器以4℃/分钟的升温速率加热至1400℃; 并保持1400℃10小时。 碱金属化合物选自碱金属氧化物，碱金属氮化物，碱金属碳酸盐，碱土金属氧化物，碱土金属氮化物和碱土金属元素。