Abstract:
According to the invention there is provided a method for the nitration of an aromatic compound including the step of reacting the aromatic compound with nitric acid in the presence of an acid anhydride and an aluminosilicate catalyst, in which the acid anhydride is at least one of: ((C n H2 n+1 )CO) 2 0, where n is 1 to 4 and the moiety C n H2 n+1 can be straight or branched chain; ((CH p Cl q )CO) 2 0, where p is 0 to 2, q is 1 to 3, and p+q = 3; and oxoiane -2, 5-dione, with the proviso that when the acid anhydride is (CH 3 CO) 2 0, the aromatic compound is toluene, 2-nitrotoluene or 4-nitrotoluene, and the nitration is performed to produce 2,4-dinitrotoluene.
Abstract:
Ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Mononitroaromaten und Dinitroaromaten, bei dem als Nitriermedium eine Hydratschmelze mindestens eines Metallnitrates M(NO 3 ) 3 eingesetzt wird, wobei M für die Metalle Fe, Cr, Y, La, Ce, AI, Bi und In stehen kann, und wobei das Metallnitrat einen Wassergehalt zwischen 4 bis 9 Mol Wasser pro M(NO 3 ) 3 aufweist, führt zu Verfahrensvereinfachungen und verbesserten Ausbeuten.
Abstract:
A process for preparing a substituted aromatic compound, comprising combining an aromatic compound and cuprous (Cu+) ions in a reaction vessel in an essentially oxygen-free environment, and adding to said reaction vessel a source of an electrophile or a nucleophile substituent, to form an aromatic compound product which is ring-substituted with said electrophile or nucleophile at a position which was originally occupied by hydrogen, and isolating the substituted aromatic compound from the reaction mixture.
Abstract:
An adiabatic process for making mononitrobenzene by the nitration of benzene which minimizes the formation of nitrophenols and dinitrobenzene by-products. The process uses a mixed acid having less than 3 wt% nitric acid, 55 to 80 wt% sulfuric acid, and water. The initial temperature of the mixed acid is in the range of 60 to 96°C. The nitration reaction is complete in about 300 seconds and produces less than 1,200 ppm nitrophenols and less than about 80 ppm dinitrobenzene. The reaction can be carried out in a plug-flow or a stirred pot reactor, or a combination of such reactors.
Abstract:
La présente invention a pour objet un procédé de préparation de dinitrotoluène. Le procédé de l'invention de préparation de dinitrotoluène à partir du mononitrotoluène qui comprend la réaction de nitration du mononitrotoluène à l'aide d'un mélange nitrant comprenant de l'acide nitrique, de l'acide sulfurique et de l'eau conduisant à un milieu bi-phasique puis la séparation des phases organique et aqueuse dudit milieu bi-phasique est caractérisé par le fait que l'on effectue la nitration du mononitrotoluène à l'aide d'un mélange nitrant comprenant au plus 10 % en poids d'eau conduisant à un milieu bi-phasique, que l'on sépare les phases organique et aqueuse dudit milieu bi-phasique, et que l'on recycle la phase aqueuse issue de l'opération de séparation, en fin de réaction de nitration du mononitrotolène et avant la séparation des phases organique et aqueuse de telle sorte que le rapport pondéral entre la phase aqueuse et la phase organique soit au moins égal à 1,2.
Abstract:
This invention relates to processes for making nitro compounds derived from C 2 -C 30 unsaturated fatty acids; C 2 -C 30 unsaturated fatty oils; esters derived from the reaction of C 1 -C 20 alcohols with unsaturated C 2 -C 30 fatty acids; C 2 -C 20 polyolefins; C 4 -C 20 polydiolefins; C 8 -C 20 copolymers derived from polyolefins and vinyl aromatics; and C 4 -C 30 alkylated phenols using nitric acid or gaseous nitrogen dioxide. This class of extreme-pressure additives was found extremely effective in processing steel, stainless steel and special titanium and nickel or low-iron alloys.
Abstract:
A method for making an energetic material is described, and which includes the steps of providing a source of aqueous nitric acid having a concentration of less than about 95% by weight; mixing a surfactant with the source of the aqueous nitric acid so as to dehydrate the aqueous nitric acid to produce a source of nitronium ions; providing a carbon dioxide environment; providing a source of an organic material to be nitrated to the carbon dioxide environment; and controllably mixing the source of nitronium ions with the carbon dioxide environment to nitrate the organic material and produce a resulting energetic material.
Abstract:
Die Erfindung betrifft die Nitrierung aromatischer oder heteroaromatischer Verbindungen, worin eine aktivierte aromatische oder heteroaromatische Verbindung und ein Nitrierungsmittel, gegebenenfalls in Gegenwart eines Lösungsmittels, in einem Mikroreaktor intensiv gemischt werden und worin das Mengenverhältnis des Nitrierungsmittels zur aktivierten aromatischen oder heteroaromatischen Verbindung, die Konzentration an Nitrierungsmittel im Reaktionsgemisch und die Temperatur so hoch gewählt werden, dass die Nitrierung in autokatalytischer Weise einsetzt, und worin das Nitrierungsprodukt nach dem Verlassen des Mikroreaktor und gegebenenfalls einer Nachreaktionszeit ausserhalb des Mikroreaktors erhalten wird.