Abstract:
Compositions including a thermosetting polymer network and a mechanophore covalently bonded to the thermosetting polymer network are provided. Substrates including the compositions are provided. In addition, methods of making the compositions and methods of monitoring stress on a substrate comprising the compositions are provided.
Abstract:
A process for non-destructive testing includes applying a photo-curable dye to a surface of an article, selectively curing an array of dots of the photo-curable dye on the surface, removing the photo-curable dye that has not been selectively cured, mechanically testing the article, and direct strain imaging the article during the mechanical testing based on the array of dots.
Abstract:
Mechanical quantities associated with a deformation force impacting a structure may be determined using one or more integrated computational elements. Methods for determining a mechanical quantity may comprise: optically interacting electromagnetic radiation with one or more integrated computational elements and a target area of a structure, the structure comprising a deformable material in an initial amount and a reference material in an initial amount within the target area; exposing the structure to a deformation force; determining a change in amount of the deformable material or the reference material within the target area, using the one or more integrated computational elements; and correlating the change in amount of the deformable material or the reference material within the target area to a mechanical quantity associated with the deformation force.
Abstract:
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Messung von Blasstrukturen einer vorgespannten Scheibe (1), wobei zumindest (a) mindestens ein Analysebereich (4) der Scheibe (1) mit linear polarisiertem Licht (5) einer Strahlungsquelle (2) unter einem Einfallswinkel (θ E ) bestrahlt wird und mit mindestens einem Detektor (3) ein Bild (6) zumindest des Analysebereichs (4) unter einem Beobachtungswinkel (θ A ) aufgenommen wird, (b) das Bild (6) einer Auswertungseinheit (7) zugeführt wird, und (c) mittels der Auswertungseinheit (7) (c1) ein Helligkeitsverlauf (8) entlang einer Analyselinie (9) auf dem Bild (6) ausgelesen wird, (c2) die lokalen Maxima (15) und die lokalen Minima (16) des Helligkeitsverlaufs (8) bestimmt werden und (c3) ein Intensitätsindex (I BS ) durch die Differenz zwischen einem Helligkeitsmittelwert (M max ) der lokalen Maxima und einem Helligkeitsmittelwert (M min ) der lokalen Minima bestimmt wird.
Abstract:
A apparatus for use in a borehole in an earth formation. The apparatus may include: an electromagnetic source; an anisotropic permittivity material, either natural or manufactured, receiving electromagnetic radiation from the electromagnetic source; and a detector for estimating the electromagnetic radiation transmitted through the anisotropic permittivity material as an indication of a parameter of interest. Also, a method of estimating a parameter of interest using the aforementioned apparatus.
Abstract:
A method and optical system is disclosed for measuring an amount of stress in a film layer disposed over a substrate. The method includes steps of: (A) applying a sequence of optical pump pulses (P1) to the film layer, individual ones of said optical pump pulses inducing a propagating strain pulse in the film layer, and for each of the optical pump pulses (P1), applying at least one optical probe pulse (P2), the optical probe pulses (P2) being applied with different time delays after the application of the corresponding optical probe pulses (P2); (B) detecting variations in an intensity of a reflection of portions of the optical probe pulses (P2), the variations being due at least in part to the propagation of the strain pulse in the film layer; (C) determining, from the detected intensity variations, a sound velocity in the film layer; and (D) calculating, using the determined sound velocity, the amount of stress in the film layer. In one embodiment of this invention the step of detecting measures a period of an oscillation in the intensity of the reflection of portions of the optical probe pulses (P2), while in another embodiment the step of detecting measures a change in intensity of the reflection of portions of the optical probe pulses (P2) and determines a time at which the propagating strain pulse (S1) reflects from a boundary of the film layer.
Abstract:
A birefringent bias is provided to an optical sensor by the addition of one or more single birefringent elements where the total birefringence-length product remains within the accepted tolerances of current devices. The bias provided by two or more elements is such that where each element has a birefringence, a dB/dT and a coefficient of thermal expansion term, the elements are arranged in tamdem so that the combined birefringence terms equal the required birefringence bias and the dB/dT and coefficient of thermal expansion terms effectively cancel.