Abstract:
A continuous reaction is effected in a gas stream by an electric discharge at a point in the stream where the flow has been made supersonic and the pressure and temperature lowered by a substantially adiabatic expansion. Various forms of apparatus for carrying out such a process are described. The apparatus may be used for the production of ozone which is used to convert ethylene and tetramethyl-ethylene fed into the apparatus into the corresponding ozonides. On leaving the apparatus the ozonides are converted in the presence of water into formaldehyde and acetone respectively.ALSO:A continuous reaction is effected in a gas stream by an electric discharge at a point in the stream where the flow has been made supersonic and the pressure and temperature lowered by a substantially adiabatic expansion. One form of apparatus, Fig. 1, comprises a supersonic nozzle 1, a pressure reducing chamber 17 for starting the action of the nozzle and a recompression chamber 13. Gas from an inlet pipe 6 passes along a cylindrical chamber 5 to a convergent part 2 of the nozzle 1 and then expands in a divergent part 4. A hollow electrode 8 supported by insulators 9 and 10 in the chamber 5 produces a discharge at the outlet 7 of the nozzle 1. The recompression chamber 13 comprises a convergent part 14, a cylindrical part 15 and a divergent part 16. This apparatus may be used for the production of acetylene and hydrogen from methane gas, or for the cracking of other hydrocarbons. An alternative form of apparatus is described in which the electrode 8 is extended to the part 16 of the chamber 13 and is closed at the end, but is provided with side vents for the injection of methane into the part 15 of the chamber 13. Two discharges are set up, the first at the end of the nozzle 1 for producing ozone, and the second in the chamber 13 for partially oxidizing the methane.
Abstract:
A selective catalytic reduction catalyst capable of reducing the NOx in exhaust gas to N2 is arranged in an exhaust pipe of an engine. Fluid feed has a fluid injecting nozzle facing the exhaust pipe on the exhaust gas upstream side from the selective catalytic reduction catalyst. The fluid feed is configured such that a urea fluid that functions as a reducing agent is fed with the selective catalytic reduction catalyst from the fluid injecting nozzle to the exhaust pipe. Ozone feed includes an ozone injecting nozzle that faces the exhaust pipe on the exhaust gas upstream side from the selective catalytic reduction catalyst, and on the exhaust gas upstream side or the exhaust gas downstream side from the fluid injecting nozzle. The ozone feed is configured such that ozone is fed from the ozone injecting nozzle to the exhaust pipe.
Abstract:
Oxygen gas having a high purity is supplied to an electric discharge type ozonizer to generate ozone. An ozone density is prevented from decreasing without the use of nitrogen gas by adding moisture to the high-purity oxygen gas via a humidifier when the high-purity oxygen gas is supplied to an ozonizer from an oxygen gas source. Through the addition, the moisture volume in the high-purity oxygen gas supplied to the ozonizer is adjusted to be within the range of 0.05-40 ppm.
Abstract:
A system for producing ozone at a high efficiency from oxygen or air is described. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the system comprises at least two parallel electrodes made of metallic surfaces and separated by dielectric insulating material, wherein air or oxygen is passed through the gap between the electrodes with an electric field of at least 4 kV/mm AC, being characterized by: (a) a ratio of the electrodes-surface area to gas volume of at least 2 cm.sup.2.min/l, said electrode being selected from a horizontal, vertical and plate type tube, and (b) the electric field in the said gap is formed by the difference in potentials between the electrodes and the dielectric insulating material. According to a preferred embodiment the dielectric insulating material has a breakdown voltage of at least 12 kV/mm. Among the main advantages of the system is the small size of the generator and the relatively small amount of energy required per unit of ozone produced.
Abstract:
In an electric discharge type ozonizer using highly pure oxygen gas having a purity of not lower than 99.99% as a raw material gas, the pressure of a gas in the discharge space of a discharger is raised to a level higher than atmospheric pressure by at least 1.1 kgf/cm.sup.2, and/or in which a liquid-cooled discharger is used, and the temperature of the cooling liquid is set at a level not lower than 15.degree. C., whereby the ozonizer is capable of stably producing ozone gas at a high ozone concentration without causing lowering of the ozone concentration with time.
Abstract:
An ozone generator where the ozone generator comprises a first electrical conductive plate and an insulating plate with a thin ozone generating chamber between them and a second electrical conducting plate attached to the insulating plate and cooling fins and liquid cooling pipes connected to the ozone generator.
Abstract:
A process and apparatus for the recovery of energy from an ozone production unit including an ozone generator supplied with gas from pretreatment units and using ozone produced thereby to treat water. Heat released from the pretreatment units and the ozone generator is collected by a first fluid circulating in a first closed fluid circuit. The first fluid is passed in heat exchange relationship with a second closed fluid circuit having a second fluid. The second fluid is also passed in heat exchange relationship with a third closed fluid circulating circuit having a third fluid. The ozone produced by the ozone generator is used to treat water in a water treatment facility. Any residual ozone being transferred to an ozone destroying reactor which employs the third fluid as a heat exchange medium for destroying the residual ozone.