Abstract:
There is provided a gas analyzer, including a radiation source (2), an analytical space (6) through which passes the gas to be analyzed, at least one detector (14) for detecting the intensity of radiation passing through the space, means (18,20,22,24) facilitating the alternating introduction, into the space (6), of the gas to be analyzed and a reference gas (RG) having a concentration located at least in the upper half of the range of concentrations to be measured by the gas analyzer. The analyzer further includes processing means (32), having memory means, to process signals originating in the detector (14), the memory means adapted to store in a first mode of operation signals representing instantaneous intensity values of the detected source and, in a second mode of operation, to store signals representing intensity values obtained when the analytical space (6) is filled with the reference gas, circuit means for comparing the instantaeous values with the reference value, and indicator means (38) for indicating concentration. A method for analyzing gases to establish their concentration is also provided.
Abstract:
A method for analyzing fluids by a multi-fluid modulation mode comprises the step of subjecting a plurality of sample fluids (S1, S2, ..., Sn) to a fluid modulation with reference fluids (R1, R2, ..., Rn), respectively, at frequencies (F1, F2, ..., Fn) different to each other. Then, the modulated sample fluids (S1, S2, ..., Sn) are simultaneously and continuously supplied to an analytical portion (A) provided with only one sensor (D). An output signal (O) of said sensor (D) is divided into signal ingredients (O1, O2, ..., On) by signal treatment means (B) for the following rectification and levelling treatment. Thereby analytical values of said respective sample fluids (S1, S2, ..., Sn) are obtained.
Abstract:
Apparatus (10) and methods for measuring dark and bright reflectances of translucent sheet material (2) are disclosed. The apparatus (10) comprises first optical means for illuminating one side of the sheet material (2) with a source of electromagnetic radiation. A portion of the radiation is transmitted through the sheet material (2) and another portion of the radiation is reflected by the sheet material. The apparatus (10) also comprises optical gating means (30) that is positioned adjacent the other side of the sheet material (2) in a fixed position relative to the first optical means. The optical gating means (30) absorbs substantially all of the transmitted portion of the radiation when switched to a dark state and reflects substantially all of the transmitted portion of the radiation back through the sheet material (2) when switched to a bright state. The apparatus (10) further comprises second optical means for collecting the reflected portion of the radiation and the portion of the trasmitted portion of the radiation reflected by the optical gating means (30) and retransmitted through the sheet material (2) to provide a total reflectance. The total reflectance has a dark reflectance intensity when the optical gating means (30) is in the dark state and a bright reflectance intensity when the optical gating means is in the bright state. The apparatus also comprises sensing means (60), responsive to radiation collected by the second optical means, for providing a dark signal having a magnitude corresponding to the dark reflectance intensity and a bright signal having a magnitude corresponding the the bright reflectance intensity. The dark and bright signals can be incorporated in known formulae to compute values for quality attributes of the sheet material (2) including opacity and color.
Abstract:
Verfahren zur Analyse von gasförmigen oder flüssigen Proben, unter Verwendung eines Einweg-Meßelementes (1) mit einem Meßkanal (18), der mindestens einen optischen oder elektrochemischen Sensor (27a-c) enthält und beidseitig mit Verschlußorganen (21,22) versehen ist. Um auf einfache Weise eine genaue Messung zu erreichen, ist vorgesehen, daß für die Messung zunächst in dem Meßkanal ein Lagermedium durch ein Trennmedium und sodann das Trennmedium durch die Probe ersetzt wird. Probe und Lagermedium verbleiben bei der Entsorgung im Meßelement.
Abstract:
Verfahren zur Analyse von gasförmigen oder flüssigen Proben, unter Verwendung eines Einweg-Meßelementes (1) mit einem Meßkanal (18), der mindestens einen optischen oder elektrochemischen Sensor (27a-c) enthält und beidseitig mit Verschlußorganen (21,22) versehen ist. Um auf einfache Weise eine genaue Messung zu erreichen, ist vorgesehen, daß für die Messung zunächst in dem Meßkanal ein Lagermedium durch ein Trennmedium und sodann das Trennmedium durch die Probe ersetzt wird. Probe und Lagermedium verbleiben bei der Entsorgung im Meßelement.
Abstract:
A power station boiler condensate water monitor employs a light-scatter cell (4) for the detection of oil and/or particulates in the water. In order to determine background scatter levels, provision is made to alternatively pass clean water through the cell (FLUSH). The offset voltages obtained from the detector outputs when clean water is employed are compensated for differences in temperature between the boiler condensate water and the clean water before subtraction from the detector outputs when boiler condensate water is employed. The monitor is capable of detecting oil levels of less than 2 ppm.
Abstract:
Reduzierende Gase, vorzugsweise Kohlenmonoxid kön nen in einem Gasgemisch, insbesondere Luft, mit außeror dentlich hoher Empfindlichkeit und großer Genauigkeit mit einem Gasdetektor (100) nachgewiesen werden, bei welchem die Intensitätsschwächung eines Infrarotstrahls (69) an einer Katalysatorschicht (14) aus einem Metall aus einer der Grup pen I, II, VII und VIII des Periodensystems der chemischen Ele mente mit einem Atomgewicht zwischen 100 und 205 ausge nutzt wird. Besonders empfindlich ist der Nachweis von Koh lenmonoxid an einer Katalysatorschicht aus einem Metall, das mit Kohlenmonoxid eine Carbonylverbindung zu bilden ver mag. Die Empfindlichkeit und Genauigkeit des Nachweises von Kohlenmonoxid und der anderen reduzierenden Gase kann dadurch beträchtlich erhöht werden, daß das zu untersu chende Gasgemisch in der Meßkammer (7) periodisch ausge tauscht und durch reines Referenzgas aus einer Referenzkam mer (5) ersetzt wird; daß während dieser Gasaustauschpe riode (27) die Temperatur der Katalysatorschicht (14) peri odisch verändert wird und daß das am Ausgang des Gasdetek tors (100) erhaltene Wechselsignal zur Bestimmung der Kon zentration an reduzierenden Gasen ausgewertet wird.
Abstract:
A power station boiler condensate water monitor employs a light-scatter cell (4) for the detection of oil and/or particulates in the water. In order to determine background scatter levels, provision is made to alternatively pass clean water through the cell (FLUSH). The offset voltages obtained from the detector outputs when clean water is employed are compensated for differences in temperature between the boiler condensate water and the clean water before subtraction from the detector outputs when boiler condensate water is employed. The monitor is capable of detecting oil levels of less than 2 ppm.