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    Improvements in the grafting of monomers to hydrogen-containing high-polymeric materials
    2.
    发明专利
    Improvements in the grafting of monomers to hydrogen-containing high-polymeric materials 未知

    公开(公告)号：GB856884A

    公开(公告)日：1960-12-21

    申请号：GB2838757

    申请日：1957-09-09

    Applicant: GERALD OSTER

    IPC: B01J19/12 ,  C08F2/48 ,  C08F291/18 ,  D06M14/18 ,  G03F7/027 ,  G03F7/38

    Abstract: Graft polymers are made by irradiating a hydrogen containing high-molecular weight organic material with ultra violet light having a wavelength of between 170 and 300 millimicrons in the presence of an organic activator, which is capable of absorbing ultra-violet light with a quantum efficiency between 10-2 and unity, for a period of time sufficient to form freeradicals in the polymeric material and simultaneously or subsequently contacting the polymeric material with at least one ethylenically unsaturated organic monomer capable of polymerizing in the presence of free radicals, e.g. acrylonitrile, acrylamide, N-octyl acrylamide, methyl methacrylate, acrylic and methacrylic acids, styrene, vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, vinyl pyridine, vinyl pyrrolidone, vinyl pyrrolidine and allyl alcohol. Specified polymeric materials are polypeptides (listed), paper, wood, regenerated cellulose, cellulose nitrate and acetate, natural rubber, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyisobutylene, polystyrene, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl pyrrolidine, polyacrylic and polymethacrylic acids, polyethylene terephthalate, nylons, polyethers, phenol-formaldehyde condensates, melamine condensates and urea-formaldehyde condensates. Activators specified are diphenylamine, benzyl disulphide, acetophenone, benzophenone, acetone, thiamine chloride, alkaline cystine and ninhydrin. The process may be applied to polymeric materials in the form of fibres, films, blocks, &c. whereby desirable surface characteristics may be imparted, e.g. dyeability, moisture affinity and resistance and adhesiveness. Alternatively the polymeric material may be in divided form or in solution or dispersion.ALSO:The tendency of a nylon fabric to accumulate electrostatic charges is reduced by irradiating the fabric, to which benzophenone has been added, with ultra-violet light, and then contacting the fabric with a mixture of vinyl pyridine and vinyl pyrrolidone to provide a graft polymeric coating.ALSO:Tubes, bottles, containers and other shaped objects made from high-polymeric organic materials e.g. polypeptide materials, cellulose and its derivatives, and synthetic resins, are coated by irradiating the object with ultra-violet light in the presence of an activator (see Group IV(a)) and simultaneously or subsequently contacting the irradiated object with an ethylenically unsaturated monomer e.g. acrylamide, acrylonitrile, styrene, methyl methacrylate, vinyl pyrroline, methacrylic acid, vinyl chloride and alkyl alcohol, which graft polymerizes on to the object. In Examples: (6) a slab of natural rubber is coated with an aqueous solution of acrylamide and then irradiated with ultra-violet light thereby producing a hydrophilic surface on the rubber; and (10) a block of wood is coated with N-octylacrylamide and then irradiated with ultra-violet light thereby rendering the surface of the block hydrophobic.

    Improvements in or relating to the cross-linking of hydrocarbons
    3.
    发明专利
    Improvements in or relating to the cross-linking of hydrocarbons 未知

    公开(公告)号：GB848414A

    公开(公告)日：1960-09-14

    申请号：GB3751256

    申请日：1956-12-07

    Applicant: GERALD OSTER

    IPC: C08J3/28 ,  G03F7/038

    Abstract: Saturated hydrocarbons, e.g. polyolefines are cross-linked by irradiating with ultra-violet light of wavelength between 170 and 300, preferably between 200 and 300 millimicrons. Polyolefines, e.g. mixtures from the cracking of petroleum, a Fischer-Tropsch devised paraffin or micro-crystalline wax, high and normal density polyethylene, polypropylene and polyisobutylene may be treated and the solid hydrocarbons may be in the form of sheets, foils, tubes, wire insulation, tapes, woven fabric, bottles or containers. Carbon arc lamps or low pressure mercury vapour lamps, which may be fitted with filters and may be annular or otherwise suitably shaped are the source of actinic energy. The cross-linking of gaseous hydrocarbons increases the molecular weight, liquids are substantially increased in viscosity or converted to solid form, and solids show increased resistance to temperature deformation and increased resistance to solvents, e.g toluene at elevated temperatures. Activators such as diphenylamine, benzyl disulphide, acetophenone, benzoin and benzophenone, in amounts from 0,1 to 1% increase the speed of cross-linking and may be added by mixing in the liquid hydrocarbon, milling with the hot solid or the solid may be immersed in a solution of the activator. Forms or photographic images may be reproduced on the surface by irradiating and removing the un-cross-linked portion by hot organic solvent. In examples, the treatment of polyethylene (M.W. 20,000 and 40,000) as a sheet or slab, or in the form of a beaker, bottle or tube ; of high density polyethylene in a block, coated on a wire, or as single filament or a woven fabric ; polyisobutylene ; and polypropylene is described. The reproduction of a photographic negative and positive, and a stencil upon a polyethylene coated surface is also described.ALSO:Saturated hydrocarbons are cross-linked by irradiating with ultra-violet light of wavelength between 170 and 300, preferably between 200 and 300 millimicrons. Gaseous, liquid, or solid hydrocarbons such as oils, waxes, paraffins, and microcystalline waxes may be treated and the solid hydrocarbons may be in the form of sheets, foils, tubes, wire insulation, tapes, woven fabrics, bottles or containers. Carbon arc lamps or low pressure mercury vapour lamps, which may be fitted with filters and may be annular or otherwise suitably shaped are the source of actinic energy. The cross-linking of gaseous hydrocarbons increases the molecular weight, liquids are substantially increased in viscosity and converted to solid form, and solids show increased resistance to temperature deformation and to solvents, e.g., toluene, at elevated temperatures. Activators such as diphenylamine, benzyldisulphide, acetophenone, benzoin and benzophenone, in amounts from 0,1 to 1% increase the speed of cross-linking and may be added by mixing in the liquid hydrocarbon, milling with the hot solid or the solid may be immersed in a solution of the activator. Forms or photographic images may be reproduced on the surface by irradiating and removing the un-cross-linked portion by hot organic solvent. In examples a gaseous hydrocarbon mixture obtained from the cracking of petroleum oils; an oil fraction obtained from a petroleum refined neutral oil distillate; a Fischer Tropsch derived paraffin; and micro crystalline hydrocarbon wax are irradiated and a metal etching plate coated with microcrystalline wax was irradiated through a stencil, the unirradiated portion washed out to leave the metal exposed for etching.ALSO:Saturated hydrocarbons are cross-linked by irradiating with ultra-violet light of wavelength between 170 and 300, preferably between 200 and 300 millimicrons. Gaseous, liquid and solid hydrocarbons such as oils, waxes, paraffins and microcrystalline waxes may be treated and the solid hydrocarbons may be in bulk or in the form of sheets, or surface coatings or dispersed in inert liquid such as water. Carbon arc lamps or low pressure mercury vapour lamps, which may be fitted with filters and may be annular or otherwise suitably shaped are the source of activic energy. The cross-linking of the gaseous hydrocarbons increases the molecular weight, liquids are substantially increased in viscosity and converted to solid form, and solids show increased resistance to temperature deformation and solvents e.g. toluene, at elevated temperatures. Activators such as diphenylamine, benzyl disulphides, acetophenone, benzoin and benzophenone in amounts from 0.1 to 1% increase the speed of cross-linking and may be added by mixing in the liquid hydrocarbon, milling with the hot solid or the solid may be immersed in a solution of the activator. Forms of photographic images may be reproduced on the surface by irradiating and removing the uncross-linked portion by hot organic solvent. In examples a gaseous hydrocarbon mixture obtained from the cracking of petroleum oils, an oil fraction obtained from a petroleum refined neutral oil distillate; a Fischer-Tropsch derived paraffin; and microcrystalline hydrocarbon wax are irradiated and a metal etching plate coated with microcrystalline wax was irradiated through a stencil, and the unirradiated portion washed out to leave the metal exposed for etching.

    Optical or photographic cross-linking of thiol polymers
    4.
    发明专利
    Optical or photographic cross-linking of thiol polymers 未知

    公开(公告)号：GB903942A

    公开(公告)日：1962-08-22

    申请号：GB2598760

    申请日：1960-07-26

    Applicant: GISELA KALLMANN OSTER ,  GERALD OSTER

    IPC: A61K8/46 ,  A61Q5/04 ,  C08F2/50 ,  C08J3/24 ,  C08J3/28 ,  C08L81/00 ,  C08L89/00 ,  D06M15/63 ,  G03F7/038

    Abstract: Poly-p-thiol styrene is stated to be polystyrene that has been thiolated in a similar manner to the thiolation of gelatin, which manner is the reaction of a solution of gelatin containing triethylamine for adjusting the pH between 10,5 and 11 with N-acetyl homocysteine thiolactone, acidification, and precipitation by adding the solution to acetone. In Example 3 (see Group XX) a layer of the poly-p-thiol styrene containing eosin is imagewise cross-linked by photo-exposure.ALSO:Gelatin is thiolated by reacting a solution thereof containing triethylamine for adjusting the pH between 10.5 and 11 with N-acetyl homocysteine thiolactone, acidifying, and adding the solution to acetone to precipitate thiolated gelatin.ALSO:Example 9 describes the soaking of a lock of human hair in thioglycolic acid to render it soft and pliable, washing to remove residual acid, impregnation with eosin, curling with a conventional curler and exposure to a 100 watt tungsten lamp for 2 minutes, to leave the hair permanently curled after removal of the curler. Example 10 repeats the procedure using wool in place of human hair, and exposures to produce alternately permanently set curved sections giving a decorative, wavy effect.

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