Abstract:
A novel positive photoresist formulation is provided based on a 1:1 copolymer of maleimide and an aliphatic vinyl ether or ester in combination with a photoactive sensitizer capable of undergoing a change in aqueous alkaline solubility upon exposure to actinic radiation. The copolymers disclosed have structures of the type (I) where R is an alkyl substituent of from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, benzyl, C1 to C10 aralkyl, C3 to C12 cycloalkyl or formula (II), where R'' has the structures assigned to R, and where R' is independently H, C1 to C10 alkyl, phenyl, benzyl or C1 to C10 aralkyl. The polymers are compounded with a photoactive sensitizer capable of undergoing a change in aqueous alkaline solubility upon exposure to actinic radiation such as with diazonaphthoquinone sulfonic acid esters and amides. The polymer and sensitizer compositions are dissolved together in a solvent useful for spin casting of thin films on substrates.
Abstract:
Temperature sensor which uses the variation in the critical angle between two optically transparent media, at least one of which has an index of refraction variable as a function of temperature, to variably refract and reflect portions of a spectrum incident on the junction of the media at angles less than and greater than the critical angle to produce an optical signal variable as a function of temperature.
Abstract:
Cyanato group containing phenolic resin, and method to prepare the resin. The resin of the present invention is stable and has a long shelf life. This is indicated by the gel time of greater than 1 minute, preferably greater than 2 minutes, more preferably greater than 10 minutes. The resin has substantially no smoke generation during gel time measurement at 155 DEG C.
Abstract:
In microprocessor based control systems wherein several analog sensors are used to generate control signals of N bits, the system herein generates a digital signal having an N+1 bit resolution of the information. The N+1 bit resolution is generated from an N bit A/D converter by means of a network changing the reference voltage input to the A/D converter by an offset voltage which is a function of the least significant bit position. The network, in the absence of a control signal, generates a first range of reference voltages and in the presence of the control signal generates a second range wherein the limit voltages are changed by the offset voltage. The microprocessor reads and stores each N bit digital word from the same sensor and under the command of the control signal, sums the two digital words and the result is an N+1 bit digital word.
Abstract:
A low voltage supply control system provides on command a voltage doubling of the supply voltage to the fuel injector coils of a fuel injection system. The command signal is responsive to the magnitude of the battery voltage falling below a predetermined level at any time during the operation of the fuel injection systems be it on cold starting or during a component failure in the power generating sytem of the vehicle during operation. The advantage of this system is that the impedance of the fuel injector coils is typically many times higher than that of coils used without the low voltage supply control system. Overall the cost advantages of the low voltage supply control system are very attractive.
Abstract:
Composition comprising a linear saturated polyester and from 0.5 to 30 percent by weight of the polyester of at least one ester of an ethoxylated polyfunctional alcohol having a molecular weight of from 500 to about 1,500. The ester is of an ethoxylated aromatic alcohol and a carboxylic acid wherein the ethoxylated aromatic alcohol has the formula, HO (RO)n - R - (OR)n - OH; wherein R is the same of different hydrocarbon radical of from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, n can be the same or a different integer of from 2 to 15; and R is an aromatic radical preferably derived from an aromatic dialcohol, most preferably bisphenol A. The ethoxylated aromatic alcohol has greater than 20 carbon atoms. The acid is a carboxylic acid of from 1 to 25 and preferably 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and from 1 to 10 carboxyl groups. Preferably the acid has from 3 to 10 carbon atoms and one carboxyl group.
Abstract:
A wavelength monitor (25) uses a diffraction grating (35) and a beam splitter (31). Light from a superluminescent diode (SLD) is supplied to the beam splitter (31) and is projected onto the grating (35). The grating is formed by holographically projecting a diffraction pattern onto a polished surface which is then photoetched, thereby creating a blazed diffraction grating corresponding to the projected pattern. The etched grating is used as a master, wherein the etched grating is coated with reflective material. The reflective material is then transferred to a prepared substrate that has an ultra-low thermal expansion coefficient to form a low cost replica diffraction grating. The grating (35) formed in this manner becomes a very stable and efficient dispersive element that forms a spectrum of the SLD output that is free of ghost images and accurately reproduces the spectral distribution. A pair of optical sensors (41, 42) detect an imbalance in reflected light, providing an indication of wavelength deviation.
Abstract:
A process for the preparation of compounds of the general formula C6Fx(CN)y, wherein x and y are whole integers whose sum equals 6. The process is particularly useful for the synthesis of fluorinated nitriled containing at least two cyano groups (y=2). Among the preferred compounds prepared is tetrafluorophthalonitrile, a key intermediate used as a building block in the pharmaceutical industry. In the process described, tetrafluorophthalonitrile is prepared by the reaction of a chlorinated compound of general formula C6Clx(CN)y wherein x and y are whole integers whose sum equals 6. Specifically, tetrachlorophthalonitrile is reacted with potassium fluoride in an aprotic solvent to prepare tetrafluorophthalonitrile. The fluoronitrile is produced in at least 80 % yield and a minimum purity of 98.5 %. Only one additional recrystallization is required to produce a material of > 99.5 % purity. In another embodiment, the crude tetrafluorophthalonitrile is recrystallized from a hydrocarbon alkane solvent to produce a product of > 99.5 % purity which can be used directly as an intermediate. This process represents an economical means to produce tetrafluorophthalonitrile on an industrial scale.
Abstract:
A waveguide slot array antenna for radiating electromagnetic energy in a single beam comprising a plurality of waveguides (51-59), each waveguide (51-59) having slots (110 and 112) spaced at first and second spacings to provide a single beam. The invention overcomes the problem of grating lobes occurring at certain angles for the main beam.