Abstract:
A method for adjusting the softening point of a pitch material includes heating the pitch material to form molten pitch material, and rising the softening point of the pitch material by moving a plurality of movable members so that the movable members repetitively move at least some of the molten pitch material out of a liquid level of the molten pitch material and back to the molten pitch material.
Abstract:
An apparatus for heating or cooling a meltable material in a container, comprising a heating element (10) and a holding device (20), the heating element (10) being of a tubular design, with an inflow opening (11) and an outflow opening (12) for a heat transfer medium to flow through, and being fastened to the holding device (20) movably in at least one spatial direction as the main direction of movement, wherein the apparatus also has a stirrer (30) for mixing liquid material through, which is likewise arranged movably in the main direction of movement.
Abstract:
A method includes producing deposition conditions in a collection area above a reactant liquid containing one or more catalyst metals. The reactant liquid is maintained under conditions in which atoms of the catalyst metal may escape from the reactant liquid into the collection area. A suitable carrier gas is directed to traverse a surface of the reactant liquid and flow along a collection path that passes over a collection surface in the collection area. This flow of carrier gas is maintained so that escaped atoms of catalyst metal are entrained in the gas traversing the surface of the reactant liquid and are deposited on the collection surface prior to or concurrently with nanocarbon structure formation at the collection surface.
Abstract:
A method includes producing deposition conditions in a collection area above a reactant liquid containing one or more catalyst metals. The reactant liquid is maintained under conditions in which atoms of the catalyst metal may escape from the reactant liquid into the collection area. A suitable carrier gas is directed to traverse a surface of the reactant liquid and flow along a collection path that passes over a collection surface in the collection area. This flow of carrier gas is maintained so that escaped atoms of catalyst metal are entrained in the gas traversing the surface of the reactant liquid and are deposited on the prior to or concurrently with nanocarbon structure formation at the collection surface.
Abstract:
A process for continuous or batchwise melting of silicon powder in particular, powder having a large amount of fines, and a melting crucible for carrying out this process are specified. The melting crucible is designed so that a melt pool having a certain minimum height and which is covered by unmelted silicon powder is provided. Thus, added material first comes into contact with silicon powder which is already present and only gradually reaches the melting zone. The amount of melt produced which exceeds the minimum height of the melt pool flows out of the melting crucible. The minimum height is maintained in the process by using a crucible which has a siphon-like outlet in the base.
Abstract:
A high temperature reactor is fitted with a plasma gun at an anode chamber and is provided with a graphite cathode. The reactor is cooled by means of pipes in the refractory lining of the reactor, and rests on essentially horizontal bearings. The charge to be melted e.g. oxides or oxide mixtures is fed from above at an angle .alpha. at most 90.degree. to the main axis of the reactor in the direction of the plasma stream, and the molten product is tapped off at an exit port which is also close to the entry port of the plasma stream so that the plasma stream covers and therefore heats the area around the exit port.
Abstract:
A method of heating raw material in which a stream of particles of raw material are fed through the hot zone of a heat source in a housing. The heat transforms the particles into a completely or partially molten state and the particles are then discharged from the housing. They may be deposited in moulds or in superposed successive layers.