Abstract:
Methods and apparatus are disclosed for determining a characteristic of a structure. In one arrangement, the structure is illuminated with first illumination radiation to generate first scattered radiation. A first interference pattern is formed by interference between a portion of the first scattered radiation reaching a sensor and first reference radiation. The structure is also illuminated with second illumination radiation from a different direction. A second interference pattern is formed using second reference radiation. The first and second interference patterns are used to determine the characteristic of the structure. Azimuthal angles of the first and second reference radiations onto the sensor are different.
Abstract:
Disclosed is a method and associated apparatus for measuring a characteristic of interest relating to a structure on a substrate. The method comprises calculating a value for the characteristic of interest directly from the effect of the characteristic of interest on at least the phase of illuminating radiation when scattered by the structure, subsequent to illuminating said structure with said illuminating radiation.
Abstract:
One aspect of this disclosure relates to a method for determining a presence of at least one guest structure at a host structure. The method comprises a light-sensitive system receiving light from the host structure. The host structure hosts one or more optically active entities at at least one part of the host structure. Herein, the at least one part does not host the at least one guest structure. Furthermore, the optically active entities cause light emission from said at least one part. The method also comprises the light-sensitive system outputting a signal based on the received light. The method further comprises determining a light value based on the output signal. The light value indicates an amount of light from the host structure being incident on the light- sensitive system. The method also comprises determining on the basis of the light value at least one of a quantity and a position of the at least one guest structure at the host structure.
Abstract:
Described is a metrology system for determining a characteristic of interest relating to at least one structure on a substrate, and associated method. The metrology system comprises a processor being configured to computationally determine phase and amplitude information from a detected characteristic of scattered radiation having been reflected or scattered by the at least one structure as a result of illumination of said at least one structure with illumination radiation in a measurement acquisition, and use the determined phase and amplitude to determine the characteristic of interest.
Abstract:
A metrology apparatus (302) includes a higher harmonic generation (HHG) radiation source for generating (310) EUV radiation. Operation of the HHG source is monitored using a wavefront sensor (420) which comprises an aperture array (424, 702) and an image sensor (426). A grating (706) disperses the radiation passing through each aperture so that the image detector captures positions and intensities of higher diffraction orders for different spectral components and different locations across the beam. In this way, the wavefront sensor can be arranged to measure a wavefront tilt for multiple harmonics at each location in said array. In one embodiment, the apertures are divided into two subsets (A) and (B), the gratings (706) of each subset having a different direction of dispersion. The spectrally resolved wavefront information (430) is used in feedback control (432) to stabilize operation of the HGG source, and/or to improve accuracy of metrology results.
Abstract:
A multilayer reflector for use in EUV lithography, for example, comprises alternating layers of Mo and Rb x Si y . The Rb x Si y and Mo interface is thermodynamically stable, reducing intermingling of the layers and preventing reduction in reflectivity. The Rb x Si y layer can be hydrogenated to form RbSiH 3 . For the case of Mo/RbSiH 3 an interlayer of RbH between Mo and RbSiH 3 layers can be used. An Mo/RbH multilayer mirror is also useful.
Abstract translation:例如,用于EUV光刻的多层反射器包括Mo和Rb x y 的交替层。 Rb Si sub>和Mo界面是热力学稳定的,减少了层间的混合并防止了反射率的降低。 Rb x y sub>层可以被氢化以形成RbSiH 3 sub>。 对于Mo / RbSiH 3/3的情况,可以使用Mo和RbSiH 3层之间的RbH中间层。 Mo / RbH多层镜也很有用。 p>
Abstract:
The present disclosure provides small ncRNAs as biomarkers for classifying the health status of an individual. The disclosure also provides screening methods for identifying ncRNA biomarkers.
Abstract:
The invention is directed to a compound, a salt or a solvate thereof according to (I) wherein R1 is an optionally branched fluoroalkyl group or [18F]fluoroalkyl group, R2, R3, R4 and R5 are eacn independently a methyl, [3H]methyl, fluoroalkyl or [18F]fluoroalkyl group, and R6 is a (R)-cyano group or a (S)-cyano group; or wherein R1 is a methyl group, and R3 is a R3 is a fluoroalkyl group or a [18F]fluoroalkyl group, R2, R4 and R5 are each independently a methyl, [3H]methyl, fluoroalkyl or [18F]fluoroalkyl group, and R6 is a (R)-cyano group or a (S)-cyano group; or wherein if R1 is hydrogen, at least one of R2, R3, R4 is an optionally branched fluoroalkyl group or [18F]fluoroalkyl group.
Abstract:
A method for determining toxicity of a sample, particularly a soil sample suspected of containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants, is provided. The method allows for quantification of toxicity levels based on gene expression profiling of a test organism, for example Folsomia candida,exposed to the sample.
Abstract:
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) separates the blood and the central nervous system (CNS). Here it is disclosed that blood-brain barrier function can be increased with particular nucleic acid sequences, in particular in patients suffering from or diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis. The use of compounds comprising such nucleic acid sequences for increasing blood-brain barrier function is described.