Abstract:
A desalination apparatus utilizing solar energy, and a method of operating the same. This apparatus is provided with a solar heat collector 12 for heating a heating medium 13 with solar energy, a heat exchanger 92 cooperating with an evaporation can 60 so as to subject the heating medium and raw water 62 in the evaporation can to heat exchange and generate water vapor 63 therein, a condenser 98 cooperating with a raw water tank 72 so as to receive the vapor 63 from the evaporation can, cool the vapor by subjecting the vapor and raw water in the raw water tank to heat exchange and obtain distilled water, a distilled water tank for storing distilled water, an evacuating means for evacuating the evaporation can and depressurizing the inside so as to promote the generation of vapor in the evaporation can, and a means for supplying raw water to the evaporation can. When a plurality of evaporation cans 60 are provided, a condenser cooperating with the evaporation cans is provided so as to receive the vapor 63 from an upstream-side evaporation can, cool the vapor with the raw water in a downstream-side evaporation can and thereby produce distilled water, and also heat the raw water in the downstream-side evaporation can and generate vapor.
Abstract:
A desalination apparatus utilizing solar energy, and a method of operating the same. This apparatus is provided with a solar heat collector 12 for heating a heating medium 13 with solar energy, a heat exchanger 92 cooperating with an evaporation can 60 so as to subject the heating medium and raw water 62 in the evaporation can to heat exchange and generate water vapor 63 therein, a condenser 98 cooperating with a raw water tank 72 so as to receive the vapor 63 from the evaporation can, cool the vapor by subjecting the vapor and raw water in the raw water tank to heat exchange and obtain distilled water, a distilled water tank for storing distilled water, an evacuating means for evacuating the evaporation can and depressurizing the inside so as to promote the generation of vapor in the evaporation can, and a means for supplying raw water to the evaporation can. When a plurality of evaporation cans 60 are provided, a condenser cooperating with the evaporation cans is provided so as to receive the vapor 63 from an upstream-side evaporation can, cool the vapor with the raw water in a downstream-side evaporation can and thereby produce distilled water, and also heat the raw water in the downstream-side evaporation can and generate vapor.
Abstract:
It is an object to provide a method in which a lignocellulosic material is treated with a phenol derivative and acid, whereby a lignophenol derivative can be recovered, and moreover sugar from an acid/sugar solution obtained at the same time can be recovered and used easily and efficiently. One form of the present invention relates to a method of separating and recovering an acid/sugar solution and a lignophenol derivative, comprising putting a reaction mixture of a lignocellulosic material, a phenol derivative and an acid into an amount of water 0.5 to 6 times the amount of the mixture as a volume ratio, and leaving the mixture to stand or maintaining the mixture in a weakly agitated state, so as to agglomerate a lignophenol derivative produced as a solid phase, and then carrying out solid-liquid separation, so as to separate and recover the lignophenol derivative as the solid phase and an acid/sugar mixture as a liquid phase.
Abstract:
A desalination apparatus capable of obtaining fresh water stably at low cost by utilizing low-temperature waste, wherein the desalination apparatus including a heat exchanger 92 cooperating with an evaporation can 60 so as to subject a low-temperature waste heat 11 and raw water 62 in the evaporation can 60 to heat exchange and generate water vapor 63 in the evaporation can 60; a condenser 98 cooperating with a raw water tank 72 so as to receive the water vapor 63 from the evaporation can 60, cool the water vapor 63 by subjecting the water vapor 63 and raw water 71 in the raw water tank 72 to heat exchange and obtain distilled water 76; a distilled water tank for storing the distilled water 76; vacuum means for evacuating the evaporation can 60 and depressurizing the inside thereof so as to promote generation of water vapor 63 in the evaporation can 60; and raw water supply means for supplying raw water to the evaporation can.
Abstract:
In an electric discharge type ozonizer using highly pure oxygen gas having a purity of not lower than 99.99% as a raw material gas, the pressure of a gas in the discharge space of a discharger is raised to a level higher than atmospheric pressure by at least 1.1 kgf/cm and/or in which a liquid-cooled discharger is used, and the temperature of the cooling liquid is set at a level not lower than 15 DEG C, whereby the ozonizer is capable of stably producing ozone gas at a high ozone concentration without causing lowering of the ozone concentration with time.
Abstract:
A discharge reactor that generates silent discharge and/or creeping discharge between dielectric and high voltage electrode and/or grounded electrode, said dielectric being located between high voltage electrode and grounded electrode, and which generates clean ozone in the discharge space 1 as it passes through said discharge space 1 or as it is held within said discharge space 1, which discharge reactor is characterized in that the dielectric is made of highly purified quartz glass (SiO2) or single-crystal sapphire which is a highly purified crystallized aluminium oxide or high-purity alumina ceramics which is the firing of highly purified aluminum oxide. Further, in order to obtain cleaner and highly concentration ozone, at least the electrode or electrodes in the area of the discharge space which is to be exposed to discharge are made of a high-purity aluminum material and at least the area of the discharge space which is to be exposed to discharge is further coated with an anodic oxidation film.
Abstract:
A ceramic hydrodynamic bearing used as a radial or a thrust bearing in a spindle motor for a hard disk driver. The bearing includes a ceramic bearing base having hydrodynamic pressure generating grooves. A sliding surface of the bearing base is irradiated with an energy beam with a high energy density to remove said material, thereby forming hydrodynamic pressure generating groove, and at the same time the grooves are coated with a modification layer that is formed by melting the ceramic material that constitutes said ceramic bearing base with the energy beam and by solidifying said ceramic bearing base.