Abstract:
A photovoltaic element (110) for conversion of electromagnetic radiation (130) to electrical energy is proposed, comprising at least one first electrode (116), at least one n-semiconductive metal oxide (120), further comprising at least one dye (112) for absorption of at least a portion of the electromagnetic radiation (130), further comprising at least one organic hole conductor material (126) and at least one second electrode (132). The organic hole conductor material (126) in said photovoltaic element (110) has an absorption spectrum for the electromagnetic radiation (130) which has an absorption maximum in an ultraviolet or blue spectral region and then, toward higher wavelengths, an absorption edge declining with the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation (130) and having a characteristic wavelength ?HTL. A decadic absorbance of the hole conductor material (126) at a wavelength ?HTL within the declining absorption edge is 0.3. The photovoltaic element (110) further has at least one longpass filter (128). The longpass filter (128) has a transmission edge rising with the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation (130) and having a characteristic wavelength ?LP, a transmission of the longpass filter (128) at ALp being 50% of a maximum transmission of the longpass filter (128), where ?HTL - 30 nm = ?LP = ?HTL + 30 nm.
Abstract:
A photovoltaic element (110) is proposed for conversion of electromagnetic radiation to electrical energy. The photovoltaic element (1 10) may especially be a dye solar cell (1 12). The photovoltaic element (110) has at least one first electrode (1 16), at least one n-semiconductive metal oxide (120), at least one electromagnetic radiation-absorbing dye (122), at least one solid organic p-semiconductor (126) and at least one second electrode (132). The p-semiconductor (126) comprises at least one metal oxide (130).
Abstract:
A photovoltaic element (110) is proposed for conversion of electromagnetic radiation to electrical energy, more particularly a dye solar cell (112). The photovoltaic element (110) has at least one first electrode (116), at least one n-semiconductive metal oxide (120), at least one electromagnetic radiation- absorbing dye (122), at least one solid organic p-semiconductor (126) and at least one second electrode (132). The p-semiconductor (126) comprises silver in oxidized form.
Abstract:
A detector (110) for determining a position of at least one object (112) is proposed. The detector (110) comprises: at least one transversal optical sensor (130), the transversal optical sensor (130) being adapted to determine a transversal position of at least one light beam (138) traveling from the object (112) to the detector (110), the transversal position being a position in at least one dimension perpendicular to an optical axis (116) of the detector (110), the transversal optical sensor (130) being adapted to generate at least one transversal sensor signal; at least one longitudinal optical sensor (132), wherein the longitudinal optical sensor (132) has at least one sensor region (136), wherein the longitudinal optical sensor (132) is designed to generate at least one longitudinal sensor signal in a manner dependent on an illumination of the sensor region (136) by the light beam (138), wherein the longitudinal sensor signal, given the same total power of the illumination, is dependent on a beam cross-section of the light beam (138) in the sensor region (136); at least one evaluation device (142), wherein the evaluation device (142) is designed to generate at least one item of information on a transversal position of the object (112) by evaluating the transversal sensor signal and to generate at least one item of information on a longitudinal position of the object (112) by evaluating the longitudinal sensor signal.
Abstract:
A photovoltaic element (110) is proposed for conversion of electromagnetic radiation to electrical energy. The photovoltaic element (1 10) may especially be a dye solar cell (1 12). The photovoltaic element (110) has at least one first electrode (1 16), at least one n-semiconductive metal oxide (120), at least one electromagnetic radiation-absorbing dye (122), at least one solid organic p-semiconductor (126) and at least one second electrode (132). The p-semiconductor (126) comprises at least one metal oxide (130).
Abstract:
A verification device (110) for verifying the identity of an article (114) is disclosed. The verification device (110) comprises: at least one illumination source (116) for illuminating at least one safety mark (124) of the article (114) with at least one light beam (122); at least one detector (118) adapted for detecting after an interaction of the light beam (122) with the safety mark (124), the detector (118) having at least one optical sensor (128), wherein the optical sensor (128) has at least one sensor region (130), wherein the optical sensor (128) is designed to generate at least one sensor signal in a manner dependent on an illumination of the sensor region (130) by the light beam (122), wherein the sensor signal, given the same total power of the illumination, is dependent on a beam cross-section of the light beam (122) in the sensor region (130); and at least one evaluation device (120) adapted for evaluating the sensor signal and for verifying the identity of the article (114) on the basis of the sensor signal. Further, a verification system (112), a method for verifying the identity of an article (114) and a use of an optical sensor (128) for verifying the identity of an article (114) are disclosed.